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SYLLABUS 


ON  THE 


HISTORY  OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY 


BY 

DR.  ALFRED  GUDEMAN 

JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY 


Genera  gustamus  non  bibliothecas  excutimus. — QuiNTlLlAN 


THt 

EBSITt 


BOSTON,    U.    S.    A. 
PUBLISHED   BY   GINN  &   COMPANY 

1892 


PRESS  OF  THE  FRIEDENWALD  CO. 
BALTIMORE. 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 

This  Syllabus  was  originally  prepared  for  a  course  of  lectures 
on  the  history  of  classical  philology,  given  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University;  it  is  now  published  with  the  hope  that,  in  the  absence 
of  a  compendious  manual  such  as  I  have  in  preparation,  it  may 
prove  helpful  to  a  wider  circle  of  classical  students. 

JUNE  i,  1892.  A.  G. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

A.  GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 

I.  $iAo/loyof,  "Ypafifj-ariKO^,  KptTiKog,      .......  I 

II.  PHILOLOGY  IN  MODERN  TIMES,   . 4 

III.  METHODS  OF  TREATMENT 4 

B.  HISTORY  OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 

I.  GREEK  PERIOD, 5 

1.  Pre-Alexandrian, 7 

2.  Alexandrian,         .........  7 

3.  The  Stoics, 17 

4.  School  of  Pergamum, 17 

II.  GRAECO-ROMAN  PERIOD, 18 

1.  Post-Alexandrian,        ........  18 

List  of  extant  Scholia,        .......  20 

Critical  Signs,    .........  21 

2.  Roman  Period, 22 

III.  MIDDLE  AGES, 27 

1.  Byzantian  Period,         ........  27 

2.  Middle  Ages  in  W.  Europe, 30 

List  of  Oldest  MSS, 30 

IV.  REVIVAL  OF  LEARNING  IN  ITALY, 31 

1.  Greek  Immigrants, 31 

2.  Italian  Humanists,       ........  32 

List  of  Editiones  Principes, 35 

V.  FRANCE, 36 

VI.  THE  NETHERLANDS,          ........  38 

1.  First  Period, 38 

2.  Second  Period, 38 

3.  Third  Period, 40 

4.  Fourth  Period,     .........  41 

VII.  ENGLAND, 42 

VIII.  GERMANY, 43 

(A).  Ante-Wolffian  Period, 43 

(B).  The  New  School, 45 

1.  Grammatico-critical  School,           .                   ...  46 

2.  Historico-antiquarian  School,         .         .         .         .          .48 


SYLLABUS  ON  THE  HISTORY  OF  CLASSICAL 
PHILOLOGY. 

A.    General  Introduction. 

I.  a.  $d6Xofoz  —  its  original  meaning  and  semasiological  develop- 

ment. 

First  met  with  in  Plato  (e.  g.  Theaet.,  p.  146  a  ;  Laches,  p.  188  ; 
Rep.,  p.  582  ;  Leges,  p.  641  e).  Opp.  to  juio-o'Xoyop, 

Equivalent  to  TroXi'Xoyos1,  (pihoa  o(pos.    <j)i\o\oyla  =  rr 

Cf.  Plato,  Phaed.  61  «;  Isoc.  de  Antid.  296: 

(pikoXoyiav  ov  p.iKpov  fiyovvrai  0-ufi/3aXeV#ai  p-epos,  rrpos  rr]v  T&V  \6yav 
TratSet'ai/,  etc. 

Alexandrian  Period:  Equivalent  to  ^iXo^a^r,  TroXuiarwp  (cf. 
Plut.  Alex.,  c.  8).  In  this  sense  first  applied  to  Eratosthenes, 
and  among  the  Romans  to  Ateius  Capito.  Cf.  Sueton.  de 
gram.,  p.  108  R.  "  Philologi  appellationem  assumpsisse  vide- 
tur  quia,  sicut  Eratosthenes  qui  primus  hoc  cognomen  sibi 
vindicavit,  multiplici  variaque  doctrina  censebatur." 

Roman  Period:  ^iXoXoyeli/  =  learned  conversation.  Cf.  Cic.  ad 
fam.  XVI  21  ;  Plut.  Cato  Min.  6;  Ps.  Plut.  Vit.  X  Orat,  p. 
844  D.  (f)i\6\oyoi  opp.  to  TroXtrtKOi  —  Plut.  Lye.  42.  Opp.  to 

(pi\6cro(pos  —  Vita  Plotini,  p.  Il6;  0iXoXoyo?  p.ev  6  A-uyytvos,  (piho- 
o-o<f)os  de  p.rj8afjLS)s.  Opp.  tO  dnaidevTOS  —  Stob.  Floril.  428,  53. 

Philologus  =  vir  studiosus,  doctus  —  Cic.  ad  Att.  XIII  12,  3; 
Plut.  de  aud.  poet.  30  d.  More  closely  allied  to  philologist 
in  the  modern  sense  in  Seneca,  Ep.  108,  29,  quoted  below. 


b.  rpaftuctTMOz  fyp&pp&Tasf,  sc.  ~£/^)  —  its  original  meaning  and 

semasiological  development. 

Conversant  with  ypa^dra  (Plato,  Phil.  17;  Crat,  p.  341;  Arist. 
Pol.  VIII  3  ;  Categ.  9).     ypa^^aTia-r^s  =  a  teacher  of 
para  (Plato,  Prot.  312  ;  Legg.  VII  812). 
Alexandrian  Period:   Clem.  Alex.  2rpo>/^.  I,  p.  309  : 
dcopos  ('Aj/ToSwpoy?)  6  Ku/Liato?  (unknown)  rrp&Tos   TOV   KpiTtKOv 
•yqcraro  rovvo^a   Kal   ypajU/zariKo?   Trpoo-rjyopfvdr).      "Eviot  de 


TOV  Kvpr)valov   (j)ao~lv   eVeiS/)   e£e8a)K€v   OVTOS  /3i/3Xia  dvo 

ypa\lsas»      a>vofj.do~6r]   8e    ypap.p.aTiK.ds,   ws   vvv   (3^.    Cent.) 

irpwTOS  HpagL(f)di>r)s  (c.  300  B.  C.).      Tpap.fj.aTiK.ii  aCC.  tO  DlOHysiuS 

T  hrax  :     E/zTrctpia  &)$•  eVi  TO  TrXeto'roi'  rear  Trapa  troi^ToLs  re  KOI  avyypa- 

(peCo-i  Xeyo/ieVcoz>.     .SY^F  subdivisions  : 

1.  'Ayayi/Gxris1  eVrpt/3»)y  Kara  TT  poo  ad  lav 

2.  'E^nyno-ty  Kara  TTOITJTIKOVS  TOOTTOVS 

3.  rXaxro-wi/  KOI  ia-TopiG>v  Trpo^eipo?  tiTroSoo-i?    r         '     X        ' 


5«     AvaXoyias  f 

6.   Kptcrt?    noir]p.dTCi)v  —  6    $17    KaXXiorrd^ 


ua/cpa, 

TTCLVTtoV  CV  TTj 


| 

)•  =  r. 


Sext.  Emp.  adv.  Gramm.  I  4  (according  to  Apollonios  Dys- 

colos  ?)    rpap-fnaTiKT)'.     I.   TCXVIKOV',     2.   tcrropiKov;     3.   t  Stair  e- 
pov.      d.   e^rjyrjTLKov  ]    u.    KpiTKov  }    C.   diop6o)TLKov. 

Roman  Period:  Sueton.  de  gram  m.,  p.  103  Rf.  :  "Appellatio 
grammaticorum  Graeca  consuetudine  invaluit  sed  initio  litte- 
rati  vocabantur.  Cornelius  quoque  Nepos  libello  quo  dis- 
tinguit  litteratum  ab  erudito,  litteratos  vulgo  quidem  appellari 
ait  eos  qui  diligenter  aliquid  et  acute  scienterque  possint  aut 
dicere  aut  scribere,  ceterum  proprie  sic  appellandos  poetarum 
interpretes  qui  a  Graecis  grammatici  nominentur."  Cic.  de 
orat.  142,  187:  grammatica  =  poetarum  pertractio,  histori- 
arum  cognitio,  verborum  interpretatio,  pronuntiandi  quidem 
sonus  ;  cp.  also  Orat.  I  22;  de  div.  In;  Quint.  I  4,  II  i,  4 
(grammatica  —  litteratura),  and  Sen.  Ep.  88. 


c. 

Among  the  Greeks:  First  found  in  Ps.  Plat.  Axioch.  366  E: 

OTroTav  de  fls  TTJV  fTTTafTiav  atpiKrjTai  TTO\\OVS  TTOVOVS  diavTXrjcrav,  Traida- 
ycoyol  KOL  ypap-pariaTOL  KCU  TraiSorptjSai  Tvpavvovvres.  av^ofjievov  Se 
KpiriKOt,  *yecoperpat,  ra/criicot,  TTO\V  Tr\rjBos  decmoTcov.  KptrtKoy  as 
a  synonym  of  y  pap.fj.ariK.os.  Tpa/ujLiariK?;  sometimes  made 
subordinate  to  /cpirt^.  Cf.  Schol.  ad  Dionys.  Thr.>  p.  673, 

19  '•  emy&ypenrrcu  yap  TO  napov  o"uyypap.p,a  Kara  p.ev  rwas  Trepi  ypap- 
fJLariKrjS)  Kara  de  erepovs  rrepl  KpiTiKrjs  re^rjs.  KpiriKT)  $e  Xeyerai  rj  rexvrl 

eK  TOV  KaXXiVrou  p.epovs.     Bekker,  Anecd.  Gr.,  p.  1140;  r6  irpo- 

Tfpov  KpiTiKrj  rXcycro  (sc.  r)  ypafJLp.aTLK.Tj)  /cat  ot  raur^v  ftmovTfS  Kpin/coi. 
DlO  ChryS.  53  *  °^  V-dvov  Aptcrrap^oy  Kal  Kpar^r  K.al  erepoi  7T\fiovg 
TWV  vo~Tepov  ypafjLfjiaTiK&v  KXrjOevTtov,  irpoTepov  de  KpiTiKwv.  Sext. 
Emp.  adv.  Gramm.  y  §248  I  TavpiffKos  yovv  6  Kpar^ros1  aKovo~Tr]s 
&o-nfp  ol  aXXot  KpiTiKoiy  vTrordo-a-uv  Tij  KpiriKij  Tfjv  ypap.fj.aTiKrji',  etc. 


Among  the  Romans:  Cic.  ad  fam.  IX  10,  i  (quoted  by  Suet., 
p.  in):  profert  alter,  opinor,  duobus  versiculis  expensum 
Niciae ;  alter  Aristarchus  hos  o/SeXt^Vt.  Ego  tamquam  criticus 
antiquus  iudicaturus  sum,  utrum  sint  roO  Trot^roO  an  7rapf/i/3e/3- 
Xq/xeVoi.  Hor.  Ep.  II  i,  51  :  ut  critici  dicunt.  Apparently 
not  found  elsewhere  in  Latin,  grammaticus  being  the  word 
commonly  used.  For  the  distinction  between  the  various 
termini,  the  locus  classicus  is  found  in  Senec.  Ep.  108,  29 : 
Cum  Ciceronis  librum  de  republica  prendit  hinc  philologus 
aliquis,  hinc  grammaticus,  hinc  philosophiae  deditus  alius 
alio  curam  suam  mittit.  Philosophus  admiratur  contra  iusti- 
tiam  dici  tarn  multa  potuisse.  Cum  ad  hane  eandem  lectio- 
nem  philologus  accessit,  hoc  subnotat :  duos  Romanos  reges 
esse,  quorum  alter  patrem  non  habet,  alter  patrem :  nam  de 
Servii  matre  dubitatur.  Anci  pater  nullus,  Numae  nepos 
dicitur.  Praeterea  notat  eum,  quern  nos  dictator  em  dicimus 
et  in  historiis  ita  nominari  legimus,  apud  antiques  magistrum 
populi  vocatum.  Hodieque  id  exstat  in  auguralibus  libris  et 
testimonium  est  quod  qui  ab  illo  nominetur,  magister  equitum 
est.  Aeque  notat  Romulum  perisse  solis  defectione,  provo- 
cationem  ad  populum  etiam  a  regibus  fuisse  ;  id  ita  in  ponti- 
ficalibus  libris  et  alii  putant  et  Fenestella.  Eosdem  libros 
cum  grammaticus  explicuit  primum  verba  expressa,  reapse 
dici  a  Cicerone  id  est  re  ipsa,  in  commentarium  refert  nee 
minus  sepse  id  est  se  ipse,  deinde  transit  ad  ea  quae  consuetu- 
do  saeculi  mutavit  tamquam  ait  Cicero  .  .  '  ab  ipsa  calce  .  .  revo- 
cati'  hanc  quam  nunc  in  circo  cretam  vocamus,  calcem  antiqui 
dicebant.  Deinde  Ennianos  colligit  versus  et  in  primis  illos 
de  Africano  scriptos  .  .  .  Felicem  deinde  se  putat  quod 
invenerit  unde  visum  sit  Vergilio  dicere,  'quern  super  ingens 
porta  tonat  caeli' — Ennium,  hoc  ait,  Homero  subripuisse, 
Ennio  Vergilium,  esse  enim  apud  Ciceronem  in  his  ipsis  de 
republica  libris  hoc  epigramma  Enni.  Modern  literature  on 
this  subject : 

/.  Classen,  De  grammaticae  Graecae  primordiis;  Bonn,  1829.  Lobeck, 
Phrynichus,  p.  392  ff.  K.  Lehrs,  De  vocabulis  ^AdAoyof,  ypa/nuariKog, 
uptrends  (Appendix  to  Herodiani  Scripta  Tria,  Berlin,  1857).  Grdfenhan, 
Gesch.  der  class.  Philologie,  I  336  ff.;  Ill  4  ff.  Steinthal,  Gesch.  d. 
Sprachwissenschaft  bei  den  Griech.  u.  Rom.  II2,  p.  14  ff.  Susemihl^ 
Gesch.  der  Alexand.  Literal.  I,  p.  327  (see  below). 


II.  PHILOLOGY  IN  MODERN  TIMES  : 

Its  various  definitions,  subdivisions  and  its  scope. 

In  a  narrower  sense — Grammar,  Lexicology,  Textual  Crit- 
icism, Hermeneutics,  aesthetic  or  literary  criticism  ('  Higher 
Criticism'). 

In  a  wider  sense,  it  includes  the  study  of  ancient  life  in  all 
its  various,  political,  social  and  intellectual  phases,  as  handed 
down  to  us  in  the  literary,  epigraphic  and  monumental  docu- 
ments of  Greece  and  Rome. 

Fr.  Ast,  Grundriss  der  Phil.  1808.  A.  Bockh,  Encyclopaedic  und  Me- 
thodologie,  etc.,  ed.  by  Klussmann ;  Leipzig,  1886.  Fr.  Ritschl,  Opusc. 
V  i  ff .  Fr.  Haase,  Ersch  u.  Gruber,  III,  sec.  23,  pp.  374-422.  H.  Reich- 
ardf,  Die  Gliederung  der  Philologie;  Tubingen,  1846.  E.  Hubner,  Ency- 
clop.,  p.  3  ff. 

III.  METHODS  OF  TREATMENT. 

1.  The  SYNCHRONISTIC  or  ANNALISTIC  METHOD. 

a.  History  of  a  single  period.     E.  g.  the  Alexandrian,  the 
Renaissance. 

b.  Philological  history  of  a  single  author.     E.  g.  Homeric 
criticism  ;  Aristotle,  history  of  his  works  (Shute). 

c.  History  of  an  individual  scholar  and  his  influence  (Biog- 
raphy and  Bibliography).     E.  g.  Monk,  Life  of  Bentley ; 
O.  Ribbeck,  Ritschl,  'Ein  Beitrag  zur  Gesch.  der  class. 
Philologie';    D.  Ruhnken,  Elogium  Hemsterhusii ;    Wyt- 
tenbach,  Elogium  Ruhnkenii ;  M.  Pattison,  Casaubon. 

2.  The  EIDOGRAPHIC  METHOD. 

a.  e.  g.  The  science  of  Greek  Grammar  (Bernhardy,  Steinthal). 

b.  e.  g.  The  history  of  Hermeneutics  and  Textual  Criticism 
(Blass),  Epigraphy  (G.  Hinrichs,  E.  Hiibner,  Th.  Momm- 
sen). 

3.  The  ETHNOGRAPHIC  or  GEOGRAPHIC  METHOD. 

a.  History  of  a  particular  school,  e.  g.  at  Alexandria  or  in 
Pergamum  (Parthey,  Wegener). 

b.  Philological  history  of  a  single  nation,  e.  g.  the  Germans 
(Bursian),  the  Dutch  (L.  Muller). 


B.    History  of  Classical  Philology. 

General  bibliography:  /.  A.  Fabricius,  Bibliotheca  Graeca,  ed.  Harles  ; 
12  voll.,  1809.  Id.,  Bibliotheca  Latina,  ed.  Ernesti;  2  voll.,  1774.  E. 
Hiibner,  Bibliographic  der  classischen  Alterthumswissenschaft  ;  Berlin, 
Urlichs,\T\  I.  Muller's  Handbuch,  I  I,  pp.  126. 


I.  THE  GREEK  PERIOD  (5  cent.-i46  B.  C). 

Bibliography:  Grafenhan,  Gesch.  der  class.  Philologie,  4  voll.;  Bonn, 
1843-50.  Lersch,  Sprachphilosophie  der  Alten,  3  voll.,  1841.  Steinthal, 
Geschichte  der  Sprachwissenschaft  bei  den  Griechen  u.  Romern,  2  vols.; 
Berlin,  iSgi2.  E.  Egger,  Essai  sur  1'Histoire  de  la  Critique  chez  les 
Grecs;  Paris,  i8862,  pp.  570. 

i.  THE  PRE-ALEXANDRIAN  PERIOD,  5  cent.-322  (f  Aristotle). 

a.  The  alleged  recension  of  Homer  by  Peisistratus. 

Cf.  Wilamowitz,  Homer.  Untersuch.,  p.  235  ff.  Flack,  Peisistratus  u. 
seine  literarische  Thatigkeit;  Tubingen,  1885.  Also  Ritschl,  Opusc.  I, 
pp.  31-60,  123  ff.,  160-67,  196  ff. 

b.  The  Sophists. 

Cf.  W.  0.  Friedel,  De  sophistarum  studiis  Homericis,  Diss.  Hallens.  I, 
1873,  p.  127  ff.  Griifenhan,  I,  pp.  124-41.  L.  Spengel,  2waywy^  rexvuv, 
1828.  Westermann,  Griech.  Beredsamkeit,  1832.  Blass,  Griech.  Bered- 
samkeit,  Vol.  I.  Cope,  Aristotle's  Rhetoric,  Vol.  I,  Introduction. 

a.   Gorgias  of  Leontini  (arrived  at  Athens  427  B.  C.). 

Ilepi   ovofJLaTwv   cruj^tVecos  —  tcroKcoXa   Trupicra  o^oioreAeura.      Oral 

instruction.     A  treatise  on  rhetoric  falsely  attributed  to 
him  by  Dionysius,  Diogenes  Laertius  and    Quintilian. 
Cff  the  literature  cited  above. 
3.  Protagoras  of  Abdera  (t  411  B.  C.). 

iiepi  opdowfLas  —  P.  the  first  to  distinguish  grammatical 
moods  and  genders.     Cp.  Aristoph.  Clouds,  vv.  659  ff. 
Cf.  Classen,  1.  c.,  p.  28;  Lersch,  1.  c.,  p.  18  ff.;  Spengel,  p.  52  ff.,  and 
the  citations  given  above. 

y.  Pr  odious  of  Ceos  (older  contemporary  of  Socrates). 

Founder  of  synonymies. 

Cf.  Spengel,  1.  c.,  p.  46  ff.;  Lersch,  p.  15  ff.;  Welcker,  Rh.  Mus.  I,  pp. 
1-39.  563-643  (=K1.  Schr.  II,  pp.  393-540- 

c.  Literary  Criticism  in  Attic  Comedy. 
Cp.  Egger,  1.  c.,  pp.  37-Sg- 


d.  Plato  (427-347)  as  a  philologist. 

(1)  Grammar  (ovo/za,  p^a). 

(2)  Etymology  (esp.  in  the  Cratylus). 

(3)  Exegesis  (Poem  of  Simonides  in  the  Protagoras). 

(4)  Aesthetic  or  Literary  Criticism  (esp.  in  the  Republic}. 
Cf.  Steinthal,  I2,  pp.  41-152  (on  the  Cratylus). 

e.  The  official  copy  of  the  three  dramatists. 

Cf.  O.  Korn,  De  publico  Aesch.,  Soph.,  Eurip.,  fabularum  exemplar! 
Lycurgo  auctore  confecto,  Bonn,  1863;  Wilamowitz,  Hermes,  XIV  151  ; 
Eurip.  Heracl.  I,  p.  130. 

e.  Aristotle  of  Stagira,  384-322. 

DlO    Chrysost.    LIII,    p.    553 :     'ApiororeXj/s-,    d(p'   ou    <pao-t    TTJV 
KpiTiKTjv  Tf  KCU  ypafjipfiTiK^v  ap)(f]v  Xa/3e«>. 

(1)  Edition  of  Homer  (r\  dno  ro\>  vdpdijKos',  cf.  Plut.  Alex.  8: 
Strabo,  XIII  594;  Schol.  Iliad.  21,  252;  Schol.  Theocr. 

I  34— npopXfoaTa  (?'). 

(2)  Grammar,  style,  rhetoric  (Poet.  c.  24  ff.;  Rhet.,  bk.  III). 

(3)  Aesthetic  criticism  (Poetics,  nepl  nonjTwv). 

(4)  Aiflao-icaXiai,  C.  I.  G.  I  349  sqq.;  C.  I.  A.  I  971-77. 
Ranke,  Vita  Aristophanis  (in  Thiersch,  Plutus,  1830),  p.  83  ff.;  Richter, 

Arist.  Wasps,  Introd.;  U.  Kohler,  Mittheil.  d.  Athen.  Instit.  Ill  (1878), 
p.  112  f.,  129  ff. 

/.  The  Peripatetic  School 

a.  Heracleides  Ponticus,  pupil  of  Plato  and  Aristotle. 
Cf.   Grafenhan,   II,  p.  63;   Unger,  Rh.  Mus.  38,  p.  481  ff.;    L.   Cohn, 
Comment.  Reiffersch.,  Breslau,  1884. 

/3.  Theophrastus  of  Eresos,  372-287/6. 

(1)  ne/H  KapaKas  (Athen.  261  d). 

(2)  nepl  Xc'£6o>s>  (Dionys.  Hal.  de  Lys.  c.  14). 

Cf.  H.  Usener,  De  Dionysii  Hal.  imitatione  reliquiae,  Bonn,  1889. 

(3)  Ilep),    /nerpcai/,    Trept    (ro\oiKi(rfj.£)v,    probably    parts    of  (2). 

Cf.  the  catalogue  of  his  writings  given  by  Diog.  Laert. 
(from  Hermippos)  V  42-50. 
y.  Aristoxenus  o  povaiKos,  of  Tarentum. 

Ilcpi  rpaywdoTToiwv  (esp.  On  Soph.),  rrepl  rpaytKrjs  opxy- 
o-cwy,  2t)ftfUfcra  virop.vijp.aTa  zrepi  /J.OVO-LKTJS,  Trepl  peXoTrouas — Bioi 
(philosophers  and  tragedians).  Cf.  W.  L.  Mahne,  Dia- 
tribe de  A.,  1793,  pp.  220. 


d.  Dicaearc/ms,  347-287. 

'YTTodearfis   TO>V  Evpnridov   KOI   SocpoKXe'ouy   p-udw  (hypothesis 

to  Eur.  Medea  still  extant). 

nepi  /jLovaiKow  aywvwv  (Schol.  Arist.  Ran.  1335;  Vesp.  1290). 
Cf.  F.  Osann,  Beitr.  zur  griech.  u.  rom.  Litteraturgesch.  II,  1839,  P  r  ff-J 
Pauly,  R.  E.  II  996  ff. 

g.  Praxip.hanes  of  Rhodes  or  Mytilene,  floruit  c.  300. 

'npcoros-    ypa/jifjLaTiKOf1;  vid.  Clem.  Alex,  cited  above.   Teacher 
of  Aratus  and  Callimachus. 

Works  :   Hepi  TTOI^TCOJ/,  Trept  iaropias,  Ttepl  Troiq/uaTooj*. 

L.  Preller,  De  Praxiphane  (Ausgewahlte  Aufsatze,  Berlin,  1864);  Suse- 
mihl,  I,  p.  144  ff.;  Wilamowitz,  Hermes,  XII,  p.  326  ff.;  R.  Hirzel, 
Hermes,  XIII,  p.  46  ff. 

h.  Antigonos  of  Carystos,  born  c.  295. 

(1)  Lives  of  contemporary  philosophers. 

(2)  I^ives  of  Greek  sculptors  and  painters. 

Cf.  Wilamowitz^  Antigonos  von  Carystos  (Philol.  Unters.  IV,  pp.  356) ; 
Susemihl,  I,  pp.  468-75,  519-23;  II  675. 

2.  THE  ALEXANDRIAN  PERIOD,  322  (or  305)-i43  (f  Aristar- 
chus). 

Chief  work:  F.  Susemihl,  Gesch.  d.  griech.  Literat.  in  der  Alexand. 
Zeit,  2  vols.,  1892,  pp.  907,  771. 

General  characteristics  of  the  period.  The  great  Library  and  Museum. 
Cf.  ^tat,  pp.  1-50;  Sitsemihl,  I,  p.  335  ff.;  Parthey,  Das  Alexandrin. 
Museum,  Berlin,  1838;  Ritschl,  Opusc.  I,  pp.  1-70,  123-72,  197-237; 
Bernhardy,  Gesch.  d.  griech.  Literat.  I4,  pp.  509-43,  II  699  ff.;  Wilamo- 
witz,  Euripides'  Heracles,  I,  p.  121  ff. 

a.  Philetas  of  Cos,  339-289/5. 

"Arc/era  ("Ara/croi  yXwcro-ai,  TXSxraai).      The   first  attempt  at  a 

Homeric  lexicon.     Cf.  Aristarchus,  JJpos  ^tX^rai/. 

On  Philetas  as  a  poet,  vide  Couat,  La  Poesie  Alexandrine,  Paris,  1882, 
p.  68  ff.;  Susemihl,  I,  p.  174  ff. 

b.  Zenodotus  of  Ephesits,  c.  325-c.  260. 

Pupil  of  Philetas.     First  librarian  of  Alexandria. 

(1)  Collection  of  the  works  of  the  epic  and  lyric  poets.    Cf. 
Schol.  Plautinum  ;  Ritschl,  Opusc.  1.  c. 

(2)  rXwao-ai  'Op.T7pt*ai   (Schol.  Od.  3,   444;    Schol.   Apoll. 
Rhod.  II  1005). 

(3)  A  i  op  0  ceo- 1?  (or  €K8a>aii)  'o/^pov,  the  first  scientific  edi- 
tion of  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssee.     Published  shortly 
before  274  B.  C. 


8 

On  his  critical  method,  cf.  F.  A.  Wolff,  Proleg.  c.  43  ;  Sengebusch,  Diss. 
Horn.  I,  p.  21  ff.;  Duntzer,  De  Zenodoti  studiis  Homericis,  Gottingen, 
1848;  Rdmer,  Ueber  die  Homerrecension  des  Zenodot  (Munchner  Acad. 
I,  Cl.  XVII,  pp.  639-722  (1885);  Susemihl,  I,  pp.  327-35. 

c.  Alexander  Aetolus,  floruit  c.  285  B.  C. 

Collection  of  the  Greek  tragic  poets  in  the  Alexand.  Library. 

Cf.  Ritschl,  1.  c.,  pp.  2-4,  199  f.  On  his  poetry:  Meineke,  Anal.  Alex. 
p.  215  ff.;  Susemihl,  I,  pp.  187-90;  Couat,  p.  105  ff. 

d.  Lycophron  of  Chalets,  c.  285  B.  C. 

(1)  Collection  of  the  comic  poets  in  the  Alexand.  Library. 
Cf.  Ritschl,  1.  c. 

(2)  nepi  K<op<pdtas  in  at  least  n  books.     The  oldest  work 
of  its  kind. 

Cf.  K.  Strecker,  De  Lycophrone  Euphronio  Eratosthene  comicorum 
interpretibus,  Greifswald,  1884  (with  collection  of  fragments);  Susemihl, 
I,  p.  274-  426. 

e.  Callimachus  of  Cyrene,  c.  3io-c.  240. 

Second  librarian  of  Alexandria.     Me'ya  /3t/3Ato*/,  p-eya  KCIKOV. 

Chief  Work  :   Hi  vaK.es    T«O^   ei/   Tratr^    TraiSeta     d  taXa  p.^dv- 

T(ov  KCU  wv  crweypa-^av,  I2O  books.     On  the  classifica- 
tion and  contents  of  this  catalogue  : 
Cf.    O.  Schneider,  Callimachea,  II,  pp.  297-322;    Wachsmuth^  Philol. 

XVI  653  ff.;  Grafenhan,  II  182  ff.;  Susemihl,  I  337  f.     On  C.  as  a  poet  cf. 

Count,  pp.  111-284;  Susemihl,  I  347-73. 

f.  Eratosthenes  of  Cyrene,  c.  276-196. 

'o  (j)i\6\oyos,  the  first  to  assume  that  name.  Cf.  Sueton.  1.  c. 
Third  librarian  of  Alexandria.  One  of  the  most  versa- 
tile and  learned  scholars  of  all  times.  (6  nwraOXos,  B^ra, 

cf.  Suidas  S.  V.  'EparoortfeVj/s1.) 

(1)  rea>ypa<piKa,  3  books.     The  first  scientific  treatment 
of  the  subject.     Cf.   Berger,  Gesch.  der  wissenschaftl. 
Erdkunde  bei  den  Griech.  Ill  57-112,  Lpz.  1891. 

(2)  Hep!  xpoi>oypa(pioii>.     Cf.  Diels,  Rh.  Mus.  31,  p.  i  ff.; 
Niese,  Hermes,  XXIII  92  ff. 

(3)  'oAu/z7rioi>tKcu.     Cf.  Bernhardy,  Eratosthenica,  p.  247  ff. 

(4)  nepi  T^S  apxaias  Kco/xwSt'as-,  in  at  least  12 books.    "A 
philological  masterpiece." 

Cf.  Strecker,  1.  c.;  Wilamowitz,  Hermes,  XXI  597  f.;  Bernhardy,  1.  c., 
p.  203-37,  and  Susemihl,  I  409-28. 

g.  Aristophanes  of  Byzantiiim,  c.  257-c.  180. 

Librarian,  successor  of  Eratosthenes  or  Apollonius  Rhodius. 
The  greatest  philologist  of  antiquity. 


(1)  Invention  (?)  of  accents,  punctuation  (ace.  to  Arcadius, 
p.  186  ff.). 

Cf.  Nauck,  p.  12  ff.;    Wilamowitz,  1.  c.,  127  f.;  Susemihl,  I  432,  901 ;  Use- 
ner  ap.  eundem,  II  672. 

(2)  Kpirt/ca  o-?7/Liera.     Cf.  Nauck,  pp.  15-18.     On  the  sym- 
bols themselves  see  below. 

(3)  Editions  with  critical  signs  to — 

a.  Homer  (Aidp<9a>o-i?  'Qpipov).     Cf.   Wolff,  Proleg.  c.  44  ; 

Nauck,  1.  c.,  25-58.     Close  of  the  Odyssee,  23,  296. 

On  his  method  of  criticism  see  Wilamowitz  below. 
/3.  Hesiod,  Theogony  (cf.  Schol.  Theog.  68). 
y.  AlcaeuSy  Anacreon,  Pindar  and  perhaps  Simonides 

(Dionys.  de  comp.  verb.  26). 

d.  Euripides  (Schol.   Or.  714,   1287;    Hipp.   172).     Cf. 
Nauck,  p.  62  f. 

e.  Aristophanes  (Schol.   Av.  1342;    Thesm.   162,   917; 
Ran.  152  f.;  Nub.  958).     Cf.  Nauck,  pp.  18,  63-66. 

r).  Menander  (?).      Cf.  his   saying:  <(o>  MeWdpe  KCU  /3te, 
Trorepos  ap    v/j.a>v  rrorepov  aTre/LH/i^a-aro  ;  " 

(4)  cY7ro0eo-«ff  to  Soph.   Eur.   Arist.  and   perhaps   Aesch. 
(probably  prefixed  to  his  editions).     Contents :   Argu- 
ment of  the  play,  its  sources,  didascalia,  aesthetic  judg- 
ment.    The  following  extant  fragments  of  vnoQea-eis  are 
probably  ultimately  based  upon  those  of  Aristophanes : 

Aeschylus:  Persae,  Sept.  adv.  Theb.,  Agam.,  Eumen., 
Prom. 

Sophocles:  Oed.  Col.,  Philoct.,  Aiax,  Oed.  Rex 
(metrical). 

Euripides:  Hecuba,  Orest.,  Phoen.,  Medea,  HyppoL, 
Alcest.)  Androm.,  Troad.  [Rhesos~\,  Ion,  Iphig.  Taur., 
Bacch.,  Heracleid.,  Helena,  Hercul.  Fur.,  Cyclops  (none 
extant  to  Suppl.,  Iph.  Aul.,  Electra). 

Aristophanes:  Acharn.  I,  II  (metrical);  Equit.  I,  II, 
III  (met.)  ;  Nub.  I,  II,  III,  IV  (met.),  V,  VI,  VII  <VIII, 
IX,  X>;  Vesp.  I,  II  (met.);  Pax,  I,  II,  III,  IV  (met.); 
Aves,  I,  II,  III,  IV  (met.);  Lysist.  I,  II  (met.);  Ranae, 
I,  II  (met.),  <III,  IV>;  Eccl.  I,  II  (met.);  Plut.  I,  II, 
III,  IV,  [V],  VI  (met.). 

Cf.  F.  W.  Schneidewin,  De  hypothesibus  tragoed.  Grace.  Aristoph. 
Byz.  vindicandis  (Abh.  der  Gott.  Gesell.  der  Wiss.,  Vol.  IV,  1853-55); 
Nattck,  1.  c.,  p.  255  ff.;  Trendelenburg,  Grammat.  Grace,  de  arte  trag.  iudi- 
ciorum  reliquiae,  Bonn,  1867. 


10 

(5)  HapaXX^Xoi   Mfvdvdpov   re   KCU   o^>'    obi/   e/cXe^ez'. 

(6)  Hep  i  7rpoo-a>7rtti>  (perhaps  the  ultimate  source  of  Pollux, 
IV  133-54).     Cf.  Nauck,  p.  275  ff. ;  Rohde,  De  I.  P.  .  . 
fontibus,  Lpz.  1870. 

(7)  napoipiai  (jjLeTpiKal  and  fyierpoi)  in  6  books.     Cf.  Nauck, 
p.  235-42;  Leutsch,  Philol.  Ill  566. 

(8)  Ilept   dva\oyias,  Nauck,  p.  264  ff. 

(9)  nepl  TTJS  dxvvpfvris  o-KvrdXrjs,  a  treatise  on  a  passage 
in  Archilochus  (fragm.  89,  2).     Nauck,  p.  273  ff. 

(10)  Ae£eu — Ilepl  rS>v  vTroirrfvo/Jiei/cov   pr)   flprjadat   rots  naXaiols, 
Trepl  ovofjiairias  ^Xi/cta^,  rrepi  (rvyyeviKtov  ovop-drcov — 'ATTIKCU  Xe^ety, 

Aa/cawKai  yXuorcrai.     The  first  scientific  work  on  lexicog- 
raphy.    About  100  fragments  preserved. 
Cf.  Nauck,  1.  c.,  p.  69-190;  Rh.  Mus.  VI  322-51 ;  Fresenius,  De  Aefewv 

Aristophanearum  et  Suetoniarum  excerptis  Byzantinis,  Wiesbaden,  1875  ; 

Z.  Cohn,  Jahrb.  f.  Philol.  Suppl.  XII  283-374. 

(u)  npos  TrlvaKas  KaXXt/ia^ou.  Of  this  supplement  to 
the  great  catalogue  of  Callimachus,  the  extant  distribu- 
tion of  the  Platonic  Dialogues  into  trilogies  (Diog.  Laert. 
Ill  61  f.)  formed  probably  a  part. 

(12)  Kdvovfs  or  lists  of  'best  authors.'  Cf.  Quint.  X  i, 
54:  "Apollonius  in  ordinem  a  grammaticis  datum  non 
venit  quia  Aristarchus  atque  Aristophanes  neminem  sui 
temporis  in  ordinem  redegerunt ";  vid.  also  X  i,  59  and 

14,3- 

For  extant  ancient  lists  cf.  Usener,  Dionysii  Halic.  librorum  de  imi- 
tatione  reliquiae,  Bonn,  1889.  On  the  probable  character  and  contents 
of  these  canones,  cf.  Ranke,  Vita  Aristoph.,  p.  104  ff.;  Steffen,  De  canone 
qui  dicitur  Aristophanis  et  Aristarchi,  Lpz.  1876;  Brzoska,  De  canone 
decem  oratorum,  Breslau,  1883;  P.  Hartmann,  De  canone  decem  orato- 
rum,  Gottingen,  1891,  and  Susemihl,  I  445,  484;  II  674  f.,  694-97. 

On  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium  in  general  cf.  A.  Nauck,  Aristophanis 
Byzantii  Fragmenta,  Halle,  1848,  pp.  338;  Susemihl,  I  428-48;   Wilamo- 
witz,  Eur.  Heracles,  I  137-53. 
h.  Aristarchus  of  Samothrace,  217/5-145/3. 

'OfjirjpiKOS,   6   KpiriKos  TTuvv   (ipiaTOs  jpa/ji/jiaTiKOf   (Schol.    Hom.  B 

316)  6  avrip  (Herodianus  in  Schol.  B  153)  pdvns  (Athen. 

XIV  634).      8OO   VTro/i^ora.      Difference   betW.  vTro/^/zara 

and  o-uyypa/z/iara.     The  latter  more  highly  esteemed  than 
the  former.     Cf.  Didymus  (Schol.  B  in):  ei  yap  ra  a-vy- 

ypd^p-ara  T&V  virop-vr)iJidT(ov  Trporarro/uei/. 

(i)  Edition  of  Homer.  Two  editions.  Cf.  Lehrs,  p.  23; 
Ludwig,  I  17  ff.  Cp.  Schol.  K  397:  Ammonius,  the 


II 

successor  of  Aristarchus,  the  author  of  a  treatise 

TOV  pr/  ytyovfvcu  n\€LOvas  (SC.  TK>V  dvo)  endocreLS  TTJS    1 


(2)  "Svyypdpp  ara — Ilepi  'iXiaSos  K.OL  'OSucro-eia?  (Schol.  I  349), 
IIpos-   $i\rjrav   (Schol.  A  524,  B   III),  Ilpbs   Kw/zaroV   (Schol. 
A  97,  B  798,  Q,  IIO),  IJpof   TO   Sevvvos   Trapddognv  (Schol.  M 

435  and  Susemihl,  II  149  f.),  n«-pi  TOV  vavo-radpov  with  a 
map  or  duiypappa  (K  53,  M  258,  o  449,  A  1 66,  807). 
On  his  critical  method  cf.  Wolff,  Proleg.,  p.  226  ff.;  Le/irs,  De  Aristarchi 
studiis  Homericis,  Konigsberg,  i8823  (I8331);  Sengebusch,T>\ss.  Horn.  I 
24  ff.;  Ludwig,  Aristarch's  Homerische  Textkritik  nach  den  Fragmenten 
des  Didymus,  2  vols.,  Lpz.  1885;    Wilamowitz,  Homer.  Unters.,  p.  383 
ff.;  Eurip.  Heracles,  I  154;  Susemihl,  I  451-63;  Jebb,  Homer,  Glasgow, 
1887,  p.  92  ff. 

(3)  CY TTO pv 77 p a ra  'commentaries'  and  eK.d6creis  'editions' 
with  '  critical  signs '  to — 

a.  Hesiod. 

Cf.  Flack,  Jahrb.  f.  Phil.  109  (1874),  p.  815  ff.;  115  (1877),  p.  433  ff.; 
Waeschke,  De  Aristarchi  studiis  Hesiodiis  (Acta  Sem.  Lips.  1874) ;  Schd- 
mann,  Opusc.  II  510  ff.;  Ill  47  ff. 

|3.  Commentary  to  Archilochus  (Clem.  Strom.  I  326  D). 
y.  Edition  of  Alcaeus  (Hephaest.,  p.  136)  and  perhaps 

of  Anacreon,   certainly   a  commentary  on  this   poet 

(Athen.  XV  671  f,  f^yovpevoi). 

d.  Pindar  (edition  and  commentary).     Feine,  De  Aris- 
tarcho  Pindari  interprete  (Diss.  lenen.  II  253-327) ; 
Horn,   De   Aristarchi   studiis    Pindaricis,    Greifswald, 
1883;  Susemihl,  I  460  ff.;  Lehrs,  Pindarscholien,  Lpz. 

1873. 

e.  Commentary  to  Aeschylus,  at  all  events  to  the  AvKo{5p- 
yos  (Schol.  Theocr.  X  18).     Ion,  at  least  to  the  '0/^0X77 
(Athen.  XIV  634  c). 

£.  Commentaries  to  Sophocles  (cf.  M.  Schmidt,  Didymi 
fragmenta,  Lpz.  1854,  p.  262).  Aristophanes  (<9. 
Gerhard,  De  Aristarcho  Aristophanis  interprete,  Bonn, 
1850 ;  Schneider,  De  Aristophanis  schol.  font.,  p.  86  f.). 

(4)  A.'s  contributions  to  grammar.      The  first  to  distin- 
guish eight  parts  of  speech.     Cf.  Quint.  I  4,  20  ;  Scho- 
mann,  Redetheile,  p.  12;  Steinthal,  1.  c. 

Plato — i.  ovopa.  and  2.  ft  pa ;  cf.  Classen,  1.  c.,  pp.  43- 
52. 


12 


Aristotle  (and  Theodectes)  —  i.  6Vop.a,  2.  p^a,  3. 
'article,'  4.  ow^o-pos  'conjunction,'  ibid.,  p.  55  if.  Ac- 
cording to  Dionysius,  De  comp.  verb.  2  (=  Quint.  I  4), 
the  article  was  not  as  yet  recognized  by  these  as  a  sepa- 
rate part  of  speech,  but  see  Classen,  p.  59  f. 

Stoics  (Chrysippus)  —  i.  oi/o/za,  2.  Trpoa-rjyopia  'appellatio,' 
'proper  names,'  3.  ft  pa,  4.  crvvfeo-p-os,  5.  XpSpov  'article 
and  pronoun,'  6.  ^a-orrjTa  (navdcKTrji)  'adverb'  added  by 
Antipater. 

Aristarchus  —  i.  ovopa,  2.  p^a,  3.  avr^w^ia  'pronoun,' 
4.  €mppr]p.a  'adverb,'  5.  peroxn  'participle,'  6.  apdpov,  7. 
•   0-wSeo-p.oV,  8.  Trpo'^o-i?  'preposition.'1 

Cf.   Classen  ;  Lersch  ;    Steinthal,  vol.   II  ;  Schomann, 
11.  cc.;  R.  Schmidt,  Stoicorum  grammatica,  Halle,  1839; 
Th.  Rumpel,  Casuslehre,  Halle,  1845,  pp.  1-70. 
(5)  Analogia  (Aristarchus  and  his  school)  vs.  Anomalia 
(Crates  and  the  Stoics).     Cf.  Lersch;  Steinthal,  I  357- 
74;  II  71-159. 
z.  Hermippos  6  KaXXt/ia^eio?,  of  Smyrna. 

Bioi  TT  e  p  i  reap  e  v  TT  a  i  §  e  i  a   Xap.^ai/ra)^. 

Of  this  voluminous  work  :   Trepi  TVV  vo^oderuv,  Trept  dov\a>v,  Trepi 
rfftv  errra  <ro<pcoi/,  Trept  Tlvdayopov,  Trepl    ApicrroreXovs,  rrepl  ropyiov, 
7T€pl    IvoKparovs,  TTfpl    'laoxparouy   /jLadrjTc^v,  Trepi   ev86£a)v   dvdpdiv 
av,  Trepi   pd-ycov,  Trcpl  TU>V   dno   (piXooofpias    els  TVpavviSas  KOI 

juetfeorqKorooi/  —  generally  cited  as  separate  books, 
formed  only  so  many  subdivisions.  One  of  the  chief 
sources  of  Diogenes  Laertius,  and  of  Plutarch's  Lycur- 
gus,  Solon,  Demosthenes,  and  indirectly,  through  the 
medium  of  Caecilius,  of  Pseudo-Plutarch,  Vitae  X  ora- 
torum.  Cf.  Susemihl,  I  492-95. 
k.  Apollodorus  of  Athens  (pupil  of  Aristarchus),  flor.  c.  150. 

ATToXXoScopta    Trept    rraaav    iarropiav    dvdpl    Seii/co  "    (Ps.    Heracl. 

Alleg.  Homer.  7). 

(i)  Xpoju/ca  in  comic  trimeters,  from  the  fall  of  Troy, 
(u84)-i44  B.  C.  2d.  edition,  to  about  119  (death  of 
Boethos  the  Academic  mentioned).  The  inexhaustible 

1  The  ancients,  accustomed  to  see  in  Homer  the  fountain  of  all  wisdom,  sup- 
posed these  eight  parts  of  speech  to  have  been  well  known  to  him,  citing  in 
proof  of  this  the  following  lines: 

Iliad,  I  185:  avrbg  \uv  K/uGiqvde  TO  abv  yepag  o^p'  ev 
Iliad,  XXII  59:  Trpof  Je  /us  rbv  dvarrjvov  STL  (f>poveovT^  E 


13 

storehouse  of  chronological  information  throughout 
antiquity.  Calculation  of  the  a/e/wj.  Cf.  Diels,  Rh.  Mus. 
31  (1876),  pp.  1-54;  also  G.  F.  Unger,  Philol.,  40 
(1882),  pp.  602-51. 

(2)  rupt  TOV  ve&v  KdTaXoyov,  12  books.     An  exhaustive 
commentary  to  the    Homeric   Catalogue  of  the   Ships. 
Cf.  Niese,  Apollodor's  Commentar  zum  SchirTscataloge 
als  Quelle  Strabo's,  Rhein.  Mus.  32  (1877),  pp.  267-307. 

(3)  Tlepl   Swfppovos,  4  books. 

(4)  On  Epicharmus,  10  books. 

(5)  Hept   TWV     A.Qr)vr)  o~  iv   eraipSus. 
Xw   Hepi   €TV  p.  oX  oy  i£jv. 

(7)  Tlepl  Oecbv,  24  books.  A  work  of  stupendous  erudi- 
tion, freely  and  extensively  pirated  by  later  writers.  Cf. 
Muenzel,  De  Apollodori  nepl  6tZ>v  libris,  Bonn,  1883. 

On  A.  in  general  cf.  Susemihl,  II  33-44;  Pauly,  R.  E.,  I 

1300. 
/.  The  first  Manual  of  Mythology,  written  between  100-50 

B.  C.,  the  source  of  Diodorus,  Hyginus,  Pseudo-  Apollodori 

Bibliotheca,  Proclus. 

Cf.  Bethe,  Quaestiones  Diodoreae  mythographae,  Gottingen,  1887,  and 
Hermes,  26  (1891),  pp.  593-634  ;  Sttsemihl,  II  45-52. 

m.  Ammoniiis,  pupil  and  successor  of  Aristarchus. 

(l)    Tlepl  TOV  p.r)  yeyovevat  7r\€Lovas  (SC.  T&V  dvo)  eKdoaeis  rr/s  ' 

rap^et'ov  SiopOuorews.     See  above  under  Aristarchus. 

(2y   Hep!  TO>V  inro  TlXdrctivos 

(3)  ITpo?  'A^;j/o/cXea  avyypa/j.fj.a. 

(4)  Commentary  to  Pindar. 


(6)  TIfpl  rwv  'Adrjvrja-iv  eratpi'Scoj/. 

(7)  Ilepi  rrpocrcpdias  Or  Ilepi  'ATTIKTJS  rrpoocpdias. 

Cf.  Blaii,  De  Aristarchi  discipulis,  Jena,  1883;  A.  Roemer,  Die  Werke 
der  Aristarcheer  im  Cod.  Ven.  A,  Milnch.  Acad.  II,  p.  241  ft".  (1875); 
La  Roche,  Horn.  Textkritik,  pp.  68-78. 

n.  Dionysius  Thrax  of  Alexandria,  born  c.  166  B.  C. 

(i)  Te'xi/j;  ypa^^aTiKi],  the  first  attempt  of  its  kind  and 
the  standard  work  on  the  subject  for  more  than  1500 
years. 

Cf.  Uhlig's  edition,  with  exhaustive  Prolegomena,  Lpz. 
1884. 

On  the  numerous  commentators,  among  whom  Choe- 


roboscus  (6.  cent.),  Stephanos  (7.  cent.),  Heliodorus,  Me- 
lampus,  Moschopulos  are  the  most  noteworthy. 
Cf.  Hoerschelmann,  De  Dionysii  Thracis  interpretibus  veteribus  I,  Lpz. 
1874,  and  especially  Hilgard,  Heidelberg  Gymn.  Progr.,  Lpz.  1880. 

(2)  Commentaries  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssee  (28  fragm.). 
Following   Aristarchus,    D.   regarded    Homer   as   an 

Athenian. 

(3)  Commentaries  to  Hesiod's  Works  and  Days. 

(4)  TIpos   KpdrrjTa. 

(5)  Ilepl     TTOO-OTT/TCOy. 

(6)  A  work  on  Rhetoric. 

(7)  MeXcrai. 

Cf.  Mor.  Schmidt,  Philol.  VII  360-82,  VIII  234-53,  510-20;  Susemihl, 
II  168-75,  687  f. 

o.  Didymus  Chalcenteros  of  Alexandria,  c.  65  B.  C.-c.  10  A.  D. 
Said  to  have  written  3500-4000  books.  XaX/cez/Tepos- 
(Amm.  Marcell.  22,  16,  16).  Cf.  Quint.  I  8,  19,  Didymo, 
quo  nemo  plura  scripsit,  accidisse  compertum  est,  ut  cum 
historiae  cuidam  tamquam  vanae  repugnaret,  ipsius  pro- 
ferretur  liber  qui  earn  continebat.  Athen.  IV  139:  KaXet 

de  TOVTOV  ArjfjLTjTpios  6  Tpoityvios  (Bi(3\io\d6av  dia  TO  7r\r)6os 
o)j/  fK.de8a)K€  a-vyypa/JLjj.dTcoi'  '  eVrt  yap  rpio-^i'Xtu  npos  rots  Trei/ra- 

Koa/ois-.  Macrob.  Sat.  V  18,  9  :  grammaticorum  facile 
eruditissimus.  22,  10:  grammaticorum  omnium  .  .  .  in- 
structissimus.  Masterly  discussion  and  estimate  of  D.'s 
work  by  Wilamowitz,  Eur.  Heracl.  I  157-68. 

(I)  Lexicographical. 


(2)  'ATropou/xej/j;   Xe'|t?,  7  books. 

(3)  TpoiriKrj   \€%is. 

(4)  Kco/xiK^  Xe^is-.   1  The  chief  source  of  all  the  lexico- 

(5)  TpayiKrj  Xe|is-.  /graphical  erudition  of  the  ancients 

preserved  in  lexica,  scholia,  Athe- 
naeus,  Hesychius,  Photius,  etc. 

(6)  Lexicon  to  Hippocrates  (?). 

(II)  Didymus  as  editor  of  texts  and  as  commentator. 

(1)  Ilepi     TTJS      Apiardp^ov     di  opdaxrz  cos.        (iCXt     and 

commentary  to  the  Homeric  poems.)     See  above. 

(2)  Commentary  to  Hesiod;  cf.  Schmidt,  p.  299  f. 

(3)  C.  to  Pindar  \  id.,  pp.  214-40. 


15 

(4)  C.  to  the  Epinikia  of  Bacchylides. 

(5)  C.  to  Aeschylus,  Sophocles,  Euripides  (in  part).     The 
extant  vitae   are   in   all   essential   details    Didymean. 
Prejudicial  and  partial  criticism  of  Soph,  to  the  dispar- 
agement of  Euripides. 

(6)  C.  to  Ion  and  perhaps  to  Achaeos ;  cf.  Schmidt,  pp. 

301-5- 

(7)  C.  to  Cratinus  and  Eupolis',  Schmidt,  pp.  307-9. 

(8)  C.  to  Aristophanes\  Schmidt,  pp.  246-61;  Schnei- 
der, De  fontibus  A.  schol.,  pp.  59-63.     [Aristophanes 
of  Byz. — Didymus — Symmachus — extant  scholia.] 

(9)  C.   to    Menander    and    to    Phrynichus    (Kronos) ; 
Schmidt,  p.  306  ff. 

(10)  Editions  and  Commentaries  to  Antiphon,  Isaeus, 
Hyper eides,   Aeschines    and   Demosthenes — Schmidt, 
pp.  310-19 — Isocrates  (?),  Deinarchus  (?). 

(n)  Edition  of  Thucydides.  The  extant  life  by  Mar- 
cellinus  (esp.  §1-45)  was  almost  entirely  taken  from 
Didymus'  introduction.  Cf.  Susemihl,  II  203  f.,  note 

3H. 

(12)  'PrjropiKa    vTToiJ.vrjfji.ar a,    in    at    least    io    books ; 
Schmidt,  p.  321.      Exegetical   parerga   to   the  Attic 
orators. 

(13)  Ilepi  TOV   SeKoreCo-at;    Schmidt,  p.  317  f. 

(III)  Grammatical  works  : 

(1)  rupl  7rada>v  (on  inflections)  ;  Schmidt,  p.  343  ff. 

(2)  Ilepi  6p6oypa(pia$. 

(3)  Ilepi  TIJS  rrapa  Pco/zat'ois'  dfaXoytay.      Doubtful. 

(IV)  Historical,  antiquarian,  literary  treatises  : 

(1)  8c vi)  la-Topia;  cf.  Schmidt,  pp.  356-63. 

(2)  De  morte  Aeneae  ;  \ 

(3)  De patria  Homeri;  vcf.  Schmidt,  pp.  384-6. 

(4)  On  Anacreon  and  Sappho  ;  ) 

Cf.  Seneca,  Ep.  88,  37  :  quatuor  milia  librorum  Di- 
dymus grammaticus  scripsit  ...  in  his  libris  de  patria 
Homeri  quaeritur,  in  his  de  Aeneae  morte  (matre, 
MSS)  vera,  in  his  libidinosior  Anacreon  an  ebriosior 
vixerit,  in  his  an  Sappho  publica  fuerit. 

(5)  Hepi  TrotT/rcoz/;  Schmidt,  pp.  386-96. 

(6)  npos-  *ia>va  avrcgriyrio-eis.     (Along  extract  on  the 


i6 

musical  instruments  used  in  lyric  poetry  preserved  by 
Athen.  XIV  634  £.)     Perhaps  a  part  of  (5). 

(7)  Ilepi    Tutv     d^ovwv    rStv    SoXoovoy     dvriypacpr]    rrpos 
'A<TK\rjiriddr]v  (Plut.  Sol.  l). 

(8)  Against  Cicero's  de  Republic  a,  6  books.     Cf.  Amm. 
Marcell.  XXII  16,  16,  and  Suidas  s.  v.  TpdyKv\\os. 

(9)  Ilepi   napo ifjLiwv. 

(10)  On  the  city  of  Kabassos  and  on  Attic  demes  (doubt- 
ful).    Perhaps  portions  of  his   commentaries   to  the 
Iliad  (13,  363)  or  to  the  comic  poets  or  to  the  Attic 
orators. 

Cf.  Mor.  Schmidt,  Didymi  Chalcenteri  grammatici  Alexandrini  frag- 
menta,  Lpz.  1854;  Ludwig,  1.  c.;  Susemihl,  II  195-210,  688  f. 

p.  Tryphon  of  Alexandria ,  son  of  Ammonius. 

A  specialist  on  Greek  grammar.  A  confused  list  of 
his  numerous  works  given  by  Suidas,  the  titles  of  others 
cited  by  Apollonius  Dyscolos,  Herodianus,  Athenaeus. 

(1)  Ilepi  TrXeoyaoyioO)  Trepi  p,eVpa>j>,  Trepi  rpoTrwi/,  Trepi  cr^/zarwi/. 

(2)  On  the  dialects  of  Greece,  on  th'e  dialect  of  Homer  and 
the  lyric  poets. 

(3)  Hepi    ATTIKTJS  TrpoawSias1,  Trepl   ovop.acnwvy  Trepl   opdoypafpias  Kal 
TO>V  Iv  avrfj  ^TITOV^VODV  (=itS  problems),  ?repi  'E\\r]vio-fj.ov  (on 

idiomatic  speech),  ircpl  dpxatas  ditayvavtus  (on  style). 

(4)  Ilfpl   rrvevfjidTtov,  Trepi   rrjs  ev  fioj/ocTvXXd/Sots1   dva\oyias,  Trepi  rfjs 
eV  K\lcrctriv  (declensions)    ai/aXoyiaff,  Trepl   ap^ptoi/,  Trept 

piaii'  (pronouns),  Kcpl  Trpoa-a)n(t>v  (persons),  Trepi  nerox 
ticiple),   Trepi   7rpo$ecrea>i/    (prepositions),  Trept   <rvvd€criJ.£>v, 
€Trippi)p,dTOi)v  (adverbs),  Trepi   pr)fj.dT(uv  eyK.\iTiKS)V  (moods), 
pr)p.dT<i)v   dvaXoyias  fiapvTovav,  Trepi  ovofj-droav   vvyKpiTiKcov  (com- 
parison of  adjectives),  Trepi  7ra6S>v  Xe'^ecov  (inflections). 

(5)  &vrS)v   lorrop/a,  Trepi   £a>a)*>. 

Cf.  A.  v.  Velsen,  Tryphonis  grammatici  Alexandrini  fragmenta,  Berlin, 
1854;  Susemihl,  II  210-13,  689. 

q.  Theon  of  Alexandria,  i.  cent.  A.  D. 

"The  Didymus  of  the  Alexandrian  poets." 

(1)  Commentaries  to  Lycophron,  Theocritos,  Callimachus' 
Airta,  Apollonius  Rhodius,  Nicandros. 

(2)  Commentary  to  the  Odyssee  and  perhaps  to  Pindar. 

(3)  Ae'£i?   KtofJUKT). 

(4)  Ae'£i?  rpayiKTj  (doubtful,  but  probable). 

Cf.  Giese,  De   Theone  grammatico   eiusque  reliquiis,  Munster,  Diss., 
1867;   Wilamowitz,  Eur.  Heracl.  I  156  ;  Susemihl,  II  216  ff. 


3.  THE  STOICS  AS  PHILOLOGIANS. 

Allegorical  exegesis  of  Homer.  Contributions  to  the  Sci- 
ence of  Grammar. 

Cf.  Grafenhan,  1.  c.,  I  440  ff.,  505  ff.,  II  23,  III  236:  R.  Schmidt,  De 
Stoicorum  grammatica,  Halle,  1839;  Steinthal,  1.  c.;  Strieker,  De  Stoico- 
rum  studiis  rhetoric-is,  Bresl.  Abh.  I  2  (1886). 

4.  CRATES  OF  MALLOS  (flor.  168  B.  C.)  AND  THE  SCHOOL  OF 
PERGAMUM. 

A  follower  of  the  Stoics.     Passionate  opponent  of  Aristar- 

chus  and  his  school  (SutdaS  S.  V.  'Apiarap^ou  :  Ka\  Kpdrqri  TOO 
•ypa/Lt/xariKW  TrXcurra  dtq/uXXqo-aro).  Bibaculus  ap.  SuetOn.  de 

gramm.  u.  En.  iecur  Cratetis.  Advocate  of  dv<op.a\ia  vs. 
ai/aXoyia.  Cf.  the  bibliography  under  Aristarchus  and  below. 
Introduced  philological  studies  into  Rome  ;  cf.  Sueton.,  1.  c., 
p.  100. 

(1)  Critical  commentary  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssee  (Atop#omKa), 
with  an  introduction  on  the  life  of  Homer. 

(2)  'Op/pi*™.     Allegorical  commentary. 

(3)  Commentary  to  Hesiod,  Works  and  Days. 

(4)  Commentary  to  Euripides  (Schol.   Orest.    1226,    1686; 
Phoen.  211  ;  Rhesus,  5,  524  f.;  cf.  Wilamowitz,  Anal.  Eu- 
rip.,  p.  157),  to  Aristophanes  (Schol.  Equit.  631,  793,  693  ; 
Vesp.  352,  884  ;  Ran.  294).     Cf.  Consbruch,  Zu  den  Trac- 
taten   n-ep!   Kco/^wSia?   in  Comment,  in  honor.  Studemundi, 
Strassburg,  1889;  Susemihl,  II  n,  note  54. 

(5)  Ilepi    'ATTICS   SiaXc/crou,  ill  at  least  5  books. 

Cf.  Wegener,  De  aula  Attalica,  1836  (antiquated);  Wachsmuth,  De 
Cratete  Mallota,  Lpz.  1860,  with  fragments  ;  id.,  Philol.  XVI  166;  Rhein. 
Mus.  46,  pp.  552-56;  Liibbert,  Rhein.  Mus.  XI  428-43  ;  Hillscher,  Jahrb. 
f.  Philol.  Suppl.  N.  F.  XVIII ;  Sustmihl,  II  4-12,  703  ;  Introd.  to  vol.  II, 
p.  iv  f.;  A.  Conze,  Berl.  Acad.  Sitzungsber.  1884,  p.  1259  ff. 

b.  Demetrius  Magnes  (contemporary  of  Cicero). 

(1)  Ilept    VVVtoVVlltoV   7TO\€Q)V. 

(2)  Ilept   r£>v   <rvva>vvp.a}v  7roir)T<0v  re   <al   crvyy  p  a(f)fQ)v. 

Chapter  on  Deinarchus  preserved  by  Dionys.  Halic.  de 
Deinarch.     One  of  the  chief  sources  of  Diogenes  Laertius. 

Cf.  Nietzsche,  Rhein.  Mus.  23,  pp.  632-53;  24,  pp.  181-228;  Scheurleer, 
De  D.  M.,  Leiden,  1858;  Maass,  Philol.  Unters.  Ill  (1880),  pp.  23-47; 
Susemihl,  I  507  f. 


i8 

II.  THE  GRAECO-ROMAN  PERIOD. 
i.  THE  POST-ALEXANDRIAN  PERIOD. 

a.  Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus  (flor.  end  of  i.  cent.  B.  C.). 

(1)  Epistula  ad  Ammaeum  I. 

(2)  De  compositione  verborum. 

(3)  De  oratoribus  antiquis  (Lysias,  Isocrates,  Isaeus,  De- 
mosth.). 

(4)  Epistula  ad  Pompeium. 

(5)  De  Thucydide. 

(6)  Ad  Ammaeum  II. 

(7)  De  Dinarcho. 

(8)  Ars  rhetorica. 

(9)  Veterum  censura  (?repi  p-i^o-ews,  bk.  II). 

Cf.  Fr.  Blass,  De  D.  H.  scriptis  rhetoricis,  Bonn,  1863  ;  Rossler,  De  D. 
H.  scriptis  rhetor.,  Lpz.  1873;  H.  Usener,  De  H.  de  imitatione  reliquiae, 
Bonn,  1889;  E.  Egger,  1.  c.  pp.  396-406. 

b.  Caecilius  Calactinus  (Friend  of  Dionysius). 

(1)  Ilepi  TOV  xapaKTrjpos  ra>v  Se/ca  prjTopaiv* 

Chief  source  of  Ps.  Plut.  Vitae  X  orat.     On  the  canon  of 
the  ten  orators,  see  under  Aristophanes. 

(2)  Comparison  between  Demosth.  and  Aesch.,  Demosth. 
and  Cicero. 

(3)  Flepi  fyovs  (cf.  Ps.  Longinus,  Ilepi  fyovs  i). 

(4)  EicXoy^  Ae'^eeoj/  Kara  (rroi^eloj/  (^KaX\ippr}p.oo'vvTj). 

On  Dionysius  and  Caecilius,  the  most  noteworthy  representatives  of 
literary  criticism  in  antiquity,  cf.  F.  Blass,  Gesch.  der  griech.  Beredsam- 
keit  von  Alexander  bis  auf  Augustus,  Berlin,  1865,  pp.  169-221. 

c.  Atoi/uo-i'ov  77  Aoyyivov  iiepi  fyovs  (probably  composed  in  the 
i  cent.  A.  D.). 

Cf.  Buchenau,  De  scriptore  libri  Ilepi  vipovg,  Marb.  1849;  Martens,  De 
libello  TLepl  vt}>ov£,  Bonn,  1877;  Egger,  1.  c.  pp.  426-39,  "Aesthetic  Criti- 
cism." 

d.  APOLLONIOS    DYSCOLOS,    6    re^^o?    (2    cent.    A.    D.). 

Founder  of  scientific  syntax.  "  Svvragis  dvayKaioTarrj 
npbs  fgyyrjo-iv  ra>v  TrotjyjuaTOj/."  "  Maximus  auctor  artis 
grammaticae  "  Priscian. 

(1)  'OvopariKov  (declension). 

(2)  'PrjuariKov  (conjugation). 

(4)  Ilept  eVtpp^/zarcDV  >  extant 

(5)  Ilepi  avvdea-fjLwv     J 


rov  \6yov. 


(6)  Ilcpl  avvrdgfat,  4  bks.,  extant. 

Cf.  Grdfenhan,  III  109  ff  ;  L.  Lange,  Das  System  der  Syntax  des  A.  D., 
Gottingen,  1852;  E.  Egger,  A.  D.,  Essai  sur  1'histoire  des  theories  gram- 
maticales  dans  1'antiquite,  Paris,  1854,  pp.  354  ;  Steinthal,  II  pp.  220-345  5 
Opera  ed.  R.  Schneider  et  G.  Uhlig,  Corp.  Gramm.  Grace.  I  I  (1878). 

e.  AELIUS  HERODIANUS  (son  of  A.  D.). 
The  greatest  grammarian  of  antiquity. 

(l)    Ka0oXtKj)   Trpoo-wSi'a,  21  bks. 
a.    Bk.  1—19  —  7rpocra>5icu,  roVoi. 

/3.  Bk.  20  —  XP°VOL  ('  quantity  ')• 

y.  Bk.  21  —  On  accents,  enclitics,   diastole,  synaloephe. 
Excerpts  preserved  by  Theodosios  and  Arcadius. 

(2}   Uept    opdoypcKpias,    Trepl    nadav,    nepl    oz/o/zartBy,   nfpi    /cXiVea)? 
Trepi   p^arcoi',   TTfpl   (Tv£vyia>v   ('conjugations'),   Trepi 

fpl  /uovooruX\d/3o)i/.     Originals  all  lost  ;    con- 
tents known  through  excerpts  in  later  grammarians. 
(3)  nepi  povr/povs  Xe|ec»?  (on  peculiar,  anomalous  gram- 

matical forms).     Extant. 

Cf.  Aug.  Lentz,  Herodiani  technici  reliquiae,  2  vols.,  Lpz.  1870 
(pp.  ccxxviii-j-  564,  vii-f-  1264,  with  indexes);  Lehrs,  Herodiani  scripta 
tria,  Konigsberg,  1848;  Pauty,  R.  E.,  Ill  1236-40;  E.  Hiller,  Jahrb.  f. 
Philol.  (1871)  pp.  505-32,  603-29,  Quaest.  Herodianae,  Bonn,  1866. 

/.  EPITOMATORS,  LEXICOGRAPHERS. 

a.    luba,  king  of  Mauretania,  "tmavruv  laropiK^raros  /Sao-iXfW," 

Plut.  Sertor.  c.  9.    Author  of  the  Scarping  far  opt'  a,  one 
of  the  indirect  sources  of  Pollux. 

Cf.  Rhode,  De  Pollucis  fontibus,  Lpz.  1870;  Bapp,  Lpz.  Stud.  VIII 
noff. 


j8.  Pamphilus,  iifpl  yXcoo-awy  fjroL  \cgca>v  (A.fip<bv).      95   bks. 

Epitomized  by  Vestinus  and  by  Diogenianos  in  5  bks. 
y.  HERENNIOS  PHILON  of  Byblos  (61-141  A.  D.). 

(1)  Ilept  KTTjcrttoS  Kal  €K\oyfjs  jSi/SXto)!/,   12  bks. 

(2)  Ilept   TroXecof    Kal   ovs   eKdarTij   avratv  ev8d£ovs  rjvey- 

Kev,  in  30  bks.    A  famous  compilation  most  extensively 
used    by    later    grammarians,    esp.    Hesychios    and 
Stephanus  Byzantius. 
Cf.  Daub,  Jahrb.  f.  Phil.  Suppl.  XI  437  ff. 

5.  Hephaeslion  (older  contemporary  of  Athenaeus). 

Athen.  XV  p.  673  e  :    'Aa/Scap   <5e  Trap'  6/iov  6   natriv 

V  \votv. 


20 

Chief  work:  rupl  nerpcov.  48  bks.  (lost).  His  own 
epitome  (*Eyx«pi'diov  Trepi  fieYptaj/)  in  i  bk.  became  the 
standard  school-book  throughout  later  antiquity  and  the 
Middle  Ages. 

Edited  by  Westphal  (Script,  metric,  vol.   I,  Teubner).     Cf.  the  same, 
Metrik  der  Griechen  vol.  I,  introduction. 

e.  Aelius  Dionysius  and  Pausanias,  'Am/ao-rat. 

Cf.  Rindfleisch,  De  P.  et  D.  lexicis  rhetoricis,  Konigsberg,  1866. 
£.    Valerius  Harpocration  (2  cent.). 

Ae'^eis    rS)V   Se/ca   prjTOpatv. 

Edited    by   Dindorf,    Oxford,    1853,    3    vols.      Cf.   Boysen,    De    Har- 
pocratiae  fontibus,  Kiel,  1876. 

77.  Julius  Pollux  (no\v8evKr)s*)  of  Naucratis. 

'Oz/o/iao-riKoj/   in   10   bks.  ed.   Dindorf,  5  vols.  1824. 
Cf.  Rhode,  1.  c. 
6.    Cassius  Longinus  (1270-275). 

(I$i(3\io6f)K.T]  ep-^v^os  Kai  TTfpnraTovv  p-ovoelov,'  Eunapios. 
'  <bi\6\oyos  p.ev  6  Aoyylvos,  (piXocrocpos1  de  /M^Sa/zoos1,'  Porphyrius. 
Pupil  of  Plotinus,  teacher  of  Porphyrius.  6  KpiriKos  (Sui- 
das  s.  v.  «j>poz/ra>i/). 

(1)  3>iXoXoyoi  op-iXtai  at  least  21  bks.;  fragm. 

(2)  ATTIK&V  Xe^ewi/  eK^ocrfis.  ~\ 
,(,-'.,                                                        «       ,  [  , 
^3J     AnoprjuaTa  Op.rjpiKa,  LLpopAnfJUira   O/zj^pov  KO.I  Xvcrfis,  (•  lOSt. 

'  „ 

6i  <pi\ocro<po$    O/xr/poy.  J 

(4)  Rhetoric    (a0op/zai  Xo'you)   discovered   by    Ruhnken 
amid  the  Rhetoric  of  Apsines  ;  cf.  Walz  Rhet.  Graec. 
IX  p.  xxiii  ff. 

(5)  [n«p*  v^owy]  falsely  ascribed  to  Longinus ;  cf.  above. 
Cf.  D.  Ruhnken,  De  vita  et  scriptis   Longini,  1776  ;   E.  Egger,  pp. 

475-84. 

LIST  OF  THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  EXTANT  SCHOLIA. 

Cf.  E.  Hubner,  Encyclopaedic,  pp.  37-4O2. 

i.  Homer. 

Subscriptio  in   the  cod.  Ven.  A:    napa/mrai  ra  'Apto-roviKov 

a  rj  /zei  a    KOL   Ai§upoi>   rrepl    Apicrrap^ei'ov   diopdwarzais,    TWO. 

NtKai/opos-   n-e pi    0-7-17/^779.      "  Viermanner    Scholien,"    cf. 
above. 

Cf.   Ludwig,  1.  c.,   Friedlander,  Aristonicus;  id.   Nicanor ;  Fabricius, 
Bibl.  Gr.  I  pp.  440-56  (index  auctorum). 


21 


2.  Aristophanes. 

Subscriptio   to   the   Clouds   and   Wasps  :    /ce/cwXtarat    e'/c    TOU 

'HXtoScopou,  Trapayeypanrai  CK  TOV   3>ci€ivov   KOI   Su^/ud^ou   /eat 


Cf.  0.  Schneider,  De  Veterum  in  Arist.  scholiorum  fontibus,  1838  ; 
Wilamowitz.  Eur.  Hercul.  I  179-88  ;  Fabricius  II,  pp.  392-404  (index 
auctorum). 

3.  Apollonius  R  ho  dins. 

Subscriptio  in  the  Cod.  Mediceus  :  napaKeirai  ra 

Aou/ctXXou   Tappat'ov    /cat   SfXpo/cXeous-    /cat 


Cf.  Weichert,  Apollon.  Rhod.  p.  400  ff.  ;  Bernhardy,  Griech.  Literat.  II 

1  p.  370  ff.  ;  'Susemihi,  I  662,  II  46,  686. 

4.  Pindar.      Cf.  K.   Lehrs,    Die   Pindarscholien,    Lpz.    1863; 
Fabricius  II  81-4. 

5.  Aeschylus.    ].  Richter,  De  Aesch.  Soph.  Eur.  interpretibus 
Graecis,  Berlin,  1839. 

6.  Sophocles.     Bernhardy,  1.  c.  II  2,  p.  378  ff. 

7.  Euripides.     Bernhardy,  1.  c.  II  2,  p.  498  ff.  ;  ed.  E.  Schwartz, 

2  vols.  1891. 

8.  Theocritos.     Ed.  Ahrens. 

9.  Lycophron.     (I.  Tzetzes.) 

10.  Plato.     L.  Cohn,  J.  J.  Suppl.  13,  773.     Th.  Mettauer,  De 
Platonis  scholiorum  fontibus,  Zurich,  1880  (pp.  122). 

11.  Aristotle.     Commentaries   of  Alexander   of  Aphrodisias, 
Simplicius,  Philoponus. 

CRITICAL  SIGNS  (2e/zeia,  notae). 

Cf.  Reifferscheid,  Suetonii  Reliquiae,  pp.  137-44. 

jSeXo?  (  —  ).  —  '  irpos  TO.  v66a  /cat  atferov/uej/a.  Legendary  origin  of 
name,  1.  c.  p.  138. 

an  f  pi  ort/co?  Kadapd  (>  —  ).  —  (  Trapci/cftrat  '.  I.  Trpos  TTJV  aVa^ 
elprjp,€Vi]v  Xe'^ti/  )  2.  Trpos  rrjv  TOV  noirjTov  avisrjdfiav  (inconsistency)  ] 
3-  npos  TOVS  Xeyoyras,  fir)  et^ai  TOV  avTov  TTOIT/TOU  'iXtaSa  /cat  'O5u(r(7€taj/ 
/rey)  J  4-  Trpos  TO?  Tail/  TraXatcoj/  ttrropi'a?  ;  5«  Trpo?  ra?  T£>V  veav 

',     6.     TTpO?    Tl^f   JA.TTLKY]V    (TVVTaglV  ',     J  .     77  pOS    TT)V    TToXuo-^JUOI'     Xt^tV. 

4  Usus  est  ea  in  multis  Aristarchus,  nunc  ea  quae  praeter  con- 
suetudinem  tarn  vitae  nostrae  quam  ipsius  poetae  apud  eum 
invenirentur  adnotans,  nunc  proprias  ipsius  figuras,  interdum 
ea  in  quibus  copiosus  est  rursus  quae  semel  apud  eum  poneren- 
tur.  Similiter  in  nostris  auctoribus  Probus.'  '  Primus  Leogoras 


22 

Syracusanus  apposuit  Homericis  versibus  ad  separationem 
Olympi  a  caelo.' 

AiTrXf)  Trepif&Tiyncvr)  (>-*•). — '  rrpbs  ras  ypa(pas  ras  Zrjvodoreiovs  KOI 
Kpdrrjros  KOL  avrov  'Apiorap^ou  KOL  ras  diop6<ao~€is  avrov.' 

'A<rT€plo-Kos  /ca0'  eavrov  (^"). — (  npbs  TOVS  avTovs  VTIXOVS  ot  Kflvrai  ev 
(IXXois  fjiepeanv  rrjs  Troi^trea)?,  Acat  bpOats  e^ovTfs  (pepovrai,  a"r]p.aiv(£n>  ort  ovrot 
not  aXXaxov  c'prjvrat.'  '  Aristophanes  apponebat  illis  locis  quibus 
sensus  deesset,  Aristarchus  autem  ad  eos  [versus]  qui  hoc  puta 
loco  [recte]  positi  erant,  cum  aliis  scilicet  non  recte  ponerentur, 
item  Probus  et  antiqui  nostri.'  Cf.  however  schol.  771. 

'Acre pi tr KOS  /wer    o/3eXoi)  (^F — }. — '  ev6a   et<rt   p.ev  TO.   errr)  TOV  Troif/roC 

ov  KaXoi?  Se  /ceo/rat,  dXX'  ev  aXXw.'  '  Propria  est  nota  Aristarchi, 
utebatur  autem  ea  in  his  versibus  qui  non  suo  loco  positi  sunt, 
item  Probus  et  antiqui  nostri.'  Cf.  e.  g.  A  195. 

'AvTia-iyna.  (*)). — '  Trpbs    TOVS   evr)\\ayp.evovs   TOTTOVS   Kal    fj.rj    ovvadovras.' 

1  Ponebatur  ad  eos  versus  quorum  ordo  permutandus  erat.' 

Avr/crcy/id  Trepteoriy^e'vo^  (  •)•  ). — '  orav  dvo  Sxri  didvoiai  TO  avro 
<rr]iJ.aii>ov(rai  (ravroXoyei),  TOU  TroirjTov  -yeypa^oroy  dpfpuTepas,  OTTCO?  rr\v 
(Tepov  eXrjTai,'  aiypa — Aristopll.  ariyp.^— Aristarch.  Cf.  B  IQ2. 

Kfpavviov  (T) — Rare. — c  d^Xot  TroXXa?  £r}T]'io-€is  irpos  rat?  irpo^ipr]p.evais.J 

'  Ponitur  quotiens  multi  versus  improbantur  ne  per  singulos 
obelentur.' 

Ancient  authorities  :  Aristonicus  (see  above),  Diogenianos  (?)  Trepl  ruv 
ev  rolq  pi/3hioi(;  crj^eiuv  (Suid.),  Diog.  Laert.  Ill  65,  Suetonius  =  Isidorus^ 
Origg-  I  2I  ff->  ^e  notis  scripturarum.     See  below.     Anecd.  Roman 
Osann,  Anecd.  Venetum.  ed.  Villoison,  Anecd.  Paris,  ed.  Cramer  (all  col- 
lected in  Reifferscheid  1.  c.). 

Modern  treatises:  Grdfenhan  II  92  f. ;  Sengebusch,  Horn.  Diss.  I  p.  22  ff. ; 
Nauck,  Aristoph.  Byzant.  p.  17  ff. ;  Ludwig,  I  20  ff. ;  Susemihl,  I  p.  432  ff. ; 
and  H.  Schrader,  De  notatione  critica  a  veteribus  grammaticis  in  poetis 
scaenicis  adhibita,  Bonn,  1863. 

2.  ROMAN  PERIOD. 

Bibliography:  Suetonius,  de  grammat.  et  rhetor.  ;    W.  H.  D.  Suringar, 
Historia  Critica  scholiastarum  Latinorum,  3  vols.,  Leyden,  1835  ;  Gra- 
fenhan,  II  p.  261  ff.  IV;   Teuffel-Schivabe,  Rom.   Literat.  2  vols.  i8qos 
<T.  S.>  §  41  ;  H.  Nettleship,  Journ.  of  Phil.  XV  p.  189  ff. 

a.  L.  Accius  (lyo-c.  86). 

Didascalica  (cf.  Aristotle's  AiSaaicaXtai).  A  history  of 
Greek  and  Roman  poetry,  with  special  reference  to  the 
drama.  Written  chiefly  in  Sotadean  verse.  Cf.  T.  S. 
§134,  7,  and  94,  2.  G.  Ribbeck,  Rom.  Dichtkunst, 
I  267. 


23 

b.  L.  Aelius  Praeconinus  Stilo  (flor.  c.  100  B.  C.). 

The  first  Roman  philologian,  teacher  of  Cicero  and  Varro. 
Cic.  Brut.  205 :  eruditissimus  et  Graecis  litteris  et 
Latinis  antiquitatisque  nostrae  et  in  inventis  rebus  et  in 
actis  scriptorumque  veterum  litterate  peritus,  quam 
scientiam  Varro  noster  acceptam  ab  illo.  Varro  ap. 
Gell.  N.  A.,  I  18,  2:  litteris  ornatissimus  memoria  nostra, 
id.  X  21,  2  doctissimus  eorum  temporum. 

(1)  Commentaries  to  Carmina  Saliorum,  cf.  Suringar 
I  26.  f. 

(2)  Interpretation  of  the  XII  tables.     Suringar  I  p. 

39  ff. 

(3)  Edition  of  Plautus  with  critical  signs. 

Gell.  N.  A.,  Ill  3, 12 :  L.  Aelius  XXV  (comoe- 
dias)  eius  (Plauti)  esse  solas  existimavit ;  Quint. 
X  i,  99,  "  Licet  Varro  Musas,  Aeli  Stilonis  sen- 
tentia,  Plautino  dicat  sermone  locuturas  fuisse,  si 
Latine  loqui  vellent."  Cf.  Ritschl,  Parerga  91  ff., 
I26f.,  238,  366. 

(4)  Contributions  to  etymology  and  grammar. 

Cf.  T.  S.  §  148,  i.     F.  Mentz,  De  L.  Aelio  Stilone,  Uiss.  lenens.  IV  i. 

c.  M.  Tullius  Cicero,  106-43. 

(1)  Literary  or  aesthetic  criticism. 

Cf.  Ch.  Causeret,  Sur  la  langue  de  la  rhetorique  et  de  la  critique  litte- 
raire  en  Cic.,  Paris,  1887  ;  /.  Kubik,  De  Cic.  poetarum  lat.  studiis,  Diss. 
Vindob.  I  237  ff. 

(2)  Edition  of  Lucretius. 

Cf.  Munro,  Lucretius,  vol.  II  p.  2  ff. ;  T.  S.  §  203,  2. 

d.  C.  lulius  Caesar,  100-44. 

De  analogia  (Suet.  Caes.  c.  56).  . 

Cf.  F.  Schlitte,  De  C.  lulio  Caesare  grammatico,  Halle,  1865. 

e.  M.  TERENTIUS  VARRO  Reatinus,  116-27. 

'  Vir  Romanorum  eruditissimus'  (Quint.  X  1,95).  '  Vir 
doctissimus  undicumque  Varro,  qui  tarn  multa  legit 
ut  aliquid  ei  scribere  vacasse  miremur,  tarn  multa  scrip- 
sit  (620  bks.)  quam  vix  quemquam  legere  potuisse  cre- 
damus'  (Augustin.  Civ.  Dei.  6,  2).  Plut.  Rom.  12  avdpa 

'Pco/im'uv   cv    io-Topiq    /3i/3\ia/<a>raroi/.       Esp.    Cic.    Acad.  post. 
I,  9. 

Cf.  Ritschl,  Die  Schriftstellerei  cles  Varro,  Opusc.  Ill  419-505, 
p.  70  ff.;  T.  S.  §166  f. 


24 

(i)  Antiquitatum  libri  XLI. 

(3)  Annalium  libri  III — De  vita  populi  Romani  (cp.  Di- 
caearchos  BiW  'EXXa'So?)  ;  De  gente  populi  Romani,  in  4 
bks.  (43  B.  C.)  ;  de  familiis  Troianis ;  Aetia  (cp.  AiVta 
of  Callimachus)  ;  rerum  urbanarum  libri  III ;  Tribuum 
liber. 

(3)  De  bibliothecis  libri  III ;   de  proprietate  scriptorum ; 
de poetis ;  de poematis  ;  de  lectionibus  ;  de  compositione 
saturarum  ;  de  originibus  scaenicis ;  de  scaenicis  actioni- 
bus;      de   actis   scaenicis    (Didascalica) ;     de    personis 
(masks)  ;    de   descriptionibus ;    quaestiones   Plautinae  ; 
de  comoediis  Plautinis. 

(4)  Disciplinarum    libri   IX   (Artes   liberales :    i.    gram- 
matica ;     2.    dialectica ;     3.    rhetorica ;     4.    geometria ; 
5.  arithmetica  ;  6.  astrologia ;    7.  musica ;  8.  medicina ; 
9.  architectura). 

(5).  De  Lingua  Latina,  XXV  Ibb.  (V-X  extant). 

V-XXV,  dedicated  to  Cicero,  hence  published  before  43 
B.  C.  Contents:  Bk.  I  (introd.),-bk.  II-VII  (etymology), 
VIII-XVI  (inflection,  analogy  and  anomaly),  XVII- 
XXV  (syntax). 

Cf.  O.  Spengel's  edition,  1885,  Berlin. 

(6).  De  sermone  Latino  libb.  V ;  de  similitudine  verborum 
libb.  Ill  (analogy);  de  utilitate  sermonis;  nfp}  xap^^ip^v 
(?  =  descriptiones);  de  antiquitate  litterarum  ;  de  origine 
linguae  latinae. 

Cf.  Wilmanns,  de  M.  T.  V.  libris  grammaticis,  Berlin,  1864. 

/.  Ateius  Praetextatiis  Philologus  (t  c.  29  B.  C.)     Cf.  Suet. 

de  gramm.,  10  T.  S.,  §211. 
g.  Noted  philologists  and  grammarians  of  the  Empire. 

First  Century. 

1.  Asconius  Pedianus,  Commentator  of  Cicero's  speeches. 

Cf.  T.  S.,  §295  ;  Madwig,  de  Q.  Ascon.  Fed.  ...  in  Cic.  oratt.  commen- 
tariis,  Kopenhagen,  1828. 

2.  Fenestella  (t  19  A.  D.) ;  'diligentissimus  scriptor,'  Lac- 
tantius.     Annales  in  at  least  22  bks.     A  repository  of 
information  for  later  writers. 

Fragments  ap.  H.  Peter,  Fragm.  histor.  272  ;  T.  S.,  §259. 


25 

3.  M.  Valerius  Flaccus  (floruit  10  B.  C.) 

a.  De  verborum  significatu.     Second  half  preserved  in  a 
mutilated  epitome  oiFestus,  who  in  turn  was  epitomized 
by  Paulus.     Inexhaustible  fountain  of  information  on 
Roman  antiquities  and  archaic  Latin. 
Edited  by  E.  Thewrewk,  1891. 

£.  Fasti,  partly  preserved  (C.  I.  L.  I  295).     Used  by 

Ovid. 

Cf.  H.  Winther,  De  fastis  V.  F.  ab  Ovidio  adhibitis,  Berlin,  1885. 
Cf.  T.  S.,  §261 ;  Hiibner,  Grundr.  der  lat.  Lit.,  §83  (i8783);  H.  Nettle- 
ship^  Lectures  and  Essays,  201  ff. 

4.  M.  Valerius  Probus  Berytius  (flor.  80  A.  D.) 

The  greatest  Roman  philologist.     'Nee  Probum  timeto' 

(Mart.  3,  2,  12). 
(i).  Editions  with  critical  signs  (cf.  Suetonii  reliq.,  p. 

'  138  R). 

a.  Virgil  (Suringar,  II,  p.  8  ff.;  Kiibler,  De  P.  comment. 

Verg.,  Berl.  1881). 
j3.  Horace,  Lucretius,  Terence. 
(2).  De  notis  singularibus,  ed.  Mommsen,  Gram.  Lat. 

IV  271. 
Cf.  I.  Steub,  De  Probis  grammaticis,  Jena,  1871 ;  T.  S.,  §300  f. 

5.  C.  Plinius  Secundus,  the  Elder,  23-79. 

(i).   Libri  dubii  sermonis  (cf.  Pliny,  Ep.  Ill  5,  i). 
(2).  De  grammatica  (Pliny,  N.  H.,  praef.  28). 

6.  Fabius  Quintilianus  of  Calagurris  in  Spain,  c.  35-95. 

Literary  criticism,  esp.  in  bk.  X  of  the  Institutio  Ora- 
toria.  Pupil  of  Remmius  Palaemon  (T.  S.,  §282)  and 
teacher  of  Pliny  the  Younger  and  Cornelius  Tacitus  (cf. 
Liebert,  de  doctrina  Taciti,  Wiirzburg,  1868,  p.  4  ff.). 

7.  C.  Suetonius  Tranquillus,  75-160. 

Cf.  Suidas  s.  v.  Tpdy/c^/l/iof.  Cf.  Reifferscheid,  Suetoni  reliquiae  praeter 
Caesares,  Lpz.  1860  (fragments,  pp.  3-360;  quaest.  Suetonianae,  pp.  363- 
538;  indexes,  pp.  541-65). 

(i).  De  viris  illustribus  (de  poetis,  de  oratoribus,  de 
historicis,  de  philosophis,  de  grammaticis  et  rhetoribus). 

(2).    Elepl  Ttov  fv  rols  /3i/3AuHS-  (rrjiJieitov  fliftXiov  a  (Suidas)  =  de 

notis  (cf.  above).  %    . 

(3).  Pratum  (de  anno  Romanorum,  Reiff,  pp.  149-92; 
de  naturis  rerum,  pp.  193-265  ;  de  genere  vestium,  pp. 


26 


266—72 ;   TTfpl    dvar(prj/j.(ov    Xegew    fjrot    jS 

fKaarrj  (cf.  Etym.  Magnum,  s.  v.  'ApXo\i7rapos  and  Eust. 
ad  Iliad.  II  234,  VIII  488).  Verborum  differentiae, 
pp.  274-96. 

(4).    Ludicra    historia    (Trepi   r&v   nap    "EXX^o-i   Tra&i&v),  pp. 

322-45. 

(5).  De  lusibus  puerorum. 
(6).  De  institutione  officiorum. 

(7).   Ilept  rrjs   Kinepavos  TroXirei'a?  ;    a/mXe-yet  de  rw  Aidt'/i6>  (see 

above). 
Second  Century. 

Aemilius  Asper  (T.  S.,  §482,  3),  Flavius  Caper  (T.  S., 
§343.  3)>  Q-  Terentius  Scaurus  (T.  S.,  §352,  i),  Arrun- 
tius  Celsus  (T.  S.,  §357,  3),  lulius  Romanus  (T.  S., 
§379,  i),  A.  Gellius,  Noctes  Atticae  (T.  S.,  §365). 
Third  Century. 

Censorinus,  de  die  natali  (T.  S.,  §379). 
Fourth  Century. 

1.  Nonius  Marcellus,  Compendiosa  Doctrina  (T.  S.  404*). 

2.  Charisius  and  Diomedes  (T.  S.,  §419). 

3.  Marius  Victorinus  (T.  S.,  §408,  i). 

4.  Aelius  Donatus  (floruit  c.  350). 
(i).  Grammatica. 

(2).  Commentary  to  Terence. 

(3).  Commentary  to  Virgil.      Cf.  Grafenhan,  IV  107 
ff.;  Suringar,  I  78-86,  II  31-59;  T.  S.,  §409,  3  f. 

5.  Maurus  Servius  Honoratus. 

Commentary  to  Virgil.     Cf.  Suringar,  II  59-92  ;  T.  S., 

§431. 
Fifth  Century. 

1.  Macrobius,  Saturnalia.     T.  S.,  §444. 

2.  Isidorus.     T.  S.,  §496. 

3.  Priscian  of  Caesarea. 

Institutions  grammaticae,  18  bks.  The  most  im- 
portant and  exhaustive  work  on  Latin  grammar  made 
by  the  Romans.  An  inexhaustible  fountain  of  infor- 
mation for  grammatical  theories  of  earlier  writers, 
especially  Greek,  now  lost.  The  standard  work  on 
the  subject  throughout  the  Middle  Ages.  About  1000 
MSS  known. 
Cf.  T.  S.,  §481,  and  Encyclop.  Britan.  s.  v. 


2; 

III.  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 
i.  THE  BYZANTIAN  PERIOD. 

K.  Krumbacher,  Grundriss  der  byzantinischen  Literatur  (I.  Muller's 
Handbuch  der  class.  Alterthumswissenschaft,  vol.  IX,  I),  Characteristic 
of  the  period,  pp.  214-17  ;  Wilamowitz,  Eur.  Heracles,  I  193-219. 

a.  Hesychios  of  Alexandria. 

Lexicon  (rXwo-o-at).  Based  upon  the  neptepyoTreV^res-  of  Dio- 
genianos. 

b.  Hesychios  Illustris  of  Miletus  (6.  cent.) 

OvopaToXoyos  $1  TTLVO^  Twv  ev  Traifiei'a  ovop.a(TT(ov.  (Only  preserved 
in  excerpts.)  (Chief  sources ;  Aelius  Dionysius'  MOUO-IK?) 
iVropi'a,  and  Herennios  Philon.)  Cf.  Kr.,  p.  no  ff. 

c.  Photios,  c.  820-c.  891. 

(i).  Bi/3Xio0J7K?7  or  Mupid/3t/3Xoi/  (written  before  857). 
Contains  the  excerpts  and  criticisms  of  280  books  read 
by  the  author  while  ambassador  to  Assyria. 

(2).  Ae^ecuv  awayayf]  (based  on  Harpocration,  Diogeni- 
anos,  'ATTIK&V  oi/o/iara>j/  Xdyoi  of  Aelius  Dionysius,  Pausan- 
ias'  Ae'^iKoj/  /tara  oroi^eto^,  Platonic  lexicon  of  Timaeus,  and 
Boethos,  Homeric  lexica  of  Apion,  Heliodorus  and 
Apollonius. 

Cf.  Kr.,  pp.  223-33  I  Fabricius,  Bibl.  Gr.  X  678-775 

d.  Constantinos Porphyrogennetos,  em peror  ( 9 1 2-59,  resp.  945). 
Encyclopaedia  of  History,  arranged  according  to  subject- 
matter  (e.  g.  Tlepl  npea/3eieoi/,  ?repi  eVi/SouXooi/  Kara  f3a<ri\fa>v  yeyov- 
vttov,    Trepi    o-rparT/y^/xarooj/,    Trepl    8rjfj.r)yopt£>v),    With    the    original 

chapters  of  earlier  historians  bearing  upon  the  respective 
subjects.  Cf.  Kr.,  pp.  59-69. 

e.  Suidas. 

Lexicon  (compiled  not  later  than  976  A.  D.  First  cited 
by  Eustathius).  A  colossal  monument  of  erudition,  not- 
withstanding many  instances  of  gross  carelessness.  The 
sources  of  Suidas  have  as  yet  been  determined  with  only 
partial  accuracy,  but  he  seems  to  have  derived,  though 
generally  only  at  second  hand,  the  bulk  of  his  material 
from  the  following  : 

a.  Lexica :  Harpocration,  Aelius  Dionysius,  Pausanias, 
Helladios,  Eudemos,  rXwao-at  to  Herodotus,  and  above 

all,  Hesychios   (cf.  Suidas   S.  V.    'ov   eVtroyu);   eVn   rovro   r6 

/'),  Lexica  to  Euripides,  Menander,  Callirnachus. 


28 

j3.  Scholia  and  Commentaries  to :  Aristophanes  (in  a  more 
complete  form  than  the  extant  scholia),  Sophocles 
(Oed.  Col.,  Oed.  Tyr.,  Aiax),  Homer  (similar  to  those 
of  the  Venetus  B),  Thucydides,  Philoponus  and  Alex- 
ander of  Aphrodisias  to  Aristotle. 

y.  Histories :  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  Xenophon's  Ana- 
basis, Polybius,  Josephus,  Arrian,  Aelian  (probably 
from  Constantinos'  Encyclopaedia),  Lucian. 

d.  Literary  and  Biographical  material:  Hesychios  (see 
above),  Athenaeus  (bks.  I  and  II  in  their  unepitomized 
form).  Whether  the  colossal  work  of  Philon  of  By  bios 
(see  above)  was  known  to  Suidas  at  first  hand  is  very 
doubtful.  Strabo  is  completely  ignored. 

Cf.  Fabridus,  Bibliotheca  Graeca,  VI  389-595;  G.  Bern  hardy,  Suidae 
Lexicon,  I,  Prolegomena,  pp.  25-95  ;  Kr.,  pp.  261-67. 

f.  Johannes  Tzetzes,  c.  iiio-c.  1185. 

(i).  Bi'/3Xos  lo-Topi&v  (Chiliades),  in  12,674  political  verses. 
(2).  Allegories  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssee,  10,000  verses. 

*O  "Op.i]pos  6  TTiivcrofyos,  f]  daXao'tra  raw  Xoyooi/.      Homeric  myth- 

ology    interpreted    allegorically    after    the    manner    of 

Euhemerus. 

(3).  Commentary  to  the  Iliad. 
(4).  Carmina    Iliaca    (Antehomerica,    Homerica,   Postho- 

merica). 
(5).  Scholia  to  Hesiod's  Works  and  Days,  and  the  Shield 

of  Heracles. 
(6).  Scholia  to  Aristophanes'  Plutos,  Clouds,  Frogs,  and 

arguments  to  the  Knights  and  Birds. 
Cf.  Ritschl  (Keil),  Opusc.  I  1-172,  197-237. 
(7).  Scholia  to  Lycophrorts  Alexandra. 

Invaluable  as  the  only  extant  key  to  the  understanding 

of  this  enigmatical  poem. 
(8).  Scholia  to  the  Halieutica  of  Oppian,  and  the  Theriaca 

and  Alexipharmaca  of  Nicandros. 
(9).  Epitome  of  the  Rhetoric  of  Hermogenes. 

(lO).     Ilept   TO)V  €V  TOLS    (TTL^OIS  p.€Tp(tiV   aTTU.VT(£>V,    (TTL^Ol   776/31    &ia(f)Opa.S 

noirjTtov,  'ia/jiSoi.  T€j(tftKoi  Trept  Kco/^cwSi'ay,  Trepi  rpnyiKrjs  KOirjo-toas. 
Cf.  Kr.,  pp.  245-43. 

g.  Eustathios,  Archbishop  of  Thessalonice  (floruit  1175). 
(i).  Commentary  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssee. 

Invaluable  repository  of  ancient  learning. 


29 

Principal sources :  Homeric  scholia,  Athenaeus,Strabo, 
Stephanus  of  Byzantium,  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium, 
Heraclides  of  Miletos,  and  two  works  by  Suetonius 
(written  in  Greek) ;  Aelios  Dionysius,  Pausanias,  and 
rhetorical  lexica,  Suidas  and  the  Etymologicum  Magnum. 

(2).  Paraphrase  and  scholia  to  Dionysius  Periegetes. 

(3).  Commentary  to  Pindar  (only  a  valuable  preface  pre- 
served). 

Cf.  Kr.,  pp.  242-47;  Fabricius,  1.  c.,  I  457-501. 
h.  Maximus  Planudes,  1260-1310. 

(l).   Ilepi  ypa/jifj.aTiKJ]s,  Trepl  (rvvrd^fcos. 

(2).  Scholia  to  Theocritos  and  Hermogenes. 

(3).    2uj/ayo>y7/   exAe-yeto-a    inro    dia<f)6p<£V    /3i/3XiW,  Containing    6X- 

cerpts,  e.  g.,  from    Plato,   Aristotle,   Strabo,   Pausanias, 

Dio  Cassius. 
(4).  Anthologia  Planudea. 

The  Anthologia  Palatina  was  not  discovered  till  1607 

by  Salmasius.     Grotius'  celebrated  translation  is  based 

upon  the  Planudean  collection. 
(5).  Translations  from  Latin  into  Greek. 

a.  Caesar,  De  bello  Gallico.v 

ft.  Cicero,  Somnium  Scipionis. 

y.  Disticha  Catonis. 

d.  Ovid,  Metamorphoses. 

e.  Ovid,  Heroides.     On  the  basis  of  a  very  valuable  MS 
now  lost. 

Cf.  A.  G.  in  Calvary's  Berl.  Stud.  VIII  3,  pp.  90  (1888). 

£.  Boethius,  De  consolatione  philosophiae  (his  master- 
piece). 

Cf.  M.  Treu,  Comment,  to  Planudis  Epistulae,  Breslau,  1890;  A.  G.  in 
Proc.  Am.  Philol.  Assoc.  XX,  p.  6  ff.;  Kr.,  p.  248  f. 

i.  Manuel  Moschopulos  (pupil  of  Planudes). 

a.  'Epa>ri?/Liara  yp  a/z/zariKa.  Of  vast  pedagogical  influence 
toward  the  spread  of  Greek  studies  in  the  Renaissance. 
The  famous  grammar  of  Melanchthon  is  essentially  a 
reproduction  of  the  'E/xar^/zara.  Cf.  L.  Voltz,  Jahrb.  f. 
Phil.,  139  (1889),  p.  579  ff. 


30 

0.  Scholia  to  the  Iliad,  bks.  I  and  II.     Hesiod,  Pindar's 

Olymp.  Odes,  Euripides,  Theocritos. 

Cf.  K.  Hartf elder,  Philipp  Melanchthon,  Berl.  1889,  p.  225  ;  M.  Treu, 
1.  c.,  pp.  208-12  ;  Kr.,  p.  251  f. 

k.  Thomas  Magister  (contemporary  of/). 

(l).     ExXoyi)  ovop-ardiv  KOL  pr}p.aTd)v    ATTIKWV. 

(2).  Scholia  to  Aesch.,  Soph.,  Eurip.,  to  three  comedies  of 
Aristophanes. 

Cf.  Fr.  Ritsckl,  Thomae  Magistri  ecloga,  Halle,  1832,  with  exhaustive 
Prolegomena  ;  Kr.,  p.  253  f. 

/.  Demetrius  Triklinios  (beginning  of  14.  cent.) 

The  foremost  text  critic  among  Byzantian  philologians. 
Notable  contributions  to  Greek  versification. 
Cf.  Wilamowitz,  Eur.  Heracl.  I  194  f.;  Hermes,  25,  pp.  161-70. 

(i).  Scholia  to  Pindar,  and  two  metrical  dissertations,  and 
one  of  the  extant  paraphrases  to  Pindar  (Lehrs,  Pindar- 
scholien,  p.  78). 

(2).  Text  edition,  with  scholia  to  Sophocles. 

(3).  Scholia  to  five  plays  of  Aeschylos  (except  Choephoroe 
and  Supplices).  Preserved  in  Triklinios'  own  hand- 
writing. 

(4).  Scholia  to  Hesiod,  Aristophanes  and  Theocritos.  Cf. 
Kr.,  p.  256  ff. 

2.  THE  MIDDLE  AGES  IN  W.  EUROPE. 
Copying  of  MSS  in  monasteries. 

Cf.  A.  H.  L.  Heeren,  Gesch.  des  Stud,  der  class.  Literal,  seit  d.  Wieder- 
aufleben  d.  Wissensch.,  vol.  I,  Introduct.,  pp.  1—308;  IV.  Wattenbach, 
Schriftwesen  im  Mittelalter,  i8752;  Anleit.  z.  griech.  Palaeographie,  i8772; 
Anleit.  z.  lat.  Palaeog.  i8864;  Th.  Birt,  Das  antike  Buchwesen,  Berlin, 
1882  ;  A.  Ebert,  Allgem.  Gesch.  der  Liter,  des  Mittelalters,  3  vols.,  i8872 ; 
Bernhardy,  I4,  p.  716  ff.;  E.  Hiibner,  Encyclop.,  pp.  56-64. 

LIST  OF  SOME  OF  THE  OLDEST  CLASSICAL  MSS. 

Greek. 

a.  Fragments  of  Euripides'  Antiope  and  Plato's  Phaedo,  250 
B.  C.     (Flinder's  Petrie  Papyri,  ed.  Mahaffy,  Dublin  Acad. 
1890.)     The  oldest  specimens  of  a  classical  text  known. 

b.  A  few  lines  of  the  XL  Iliad  (ante-Aristarchean  and  non- 
Zenodotean),  240  B.  C.     Most  of  the  following  dates  are  only 
conjectural. 


c.  Louvre  fragments  of  Euripides,  2.  cent.  B.  C. 

d.  Alcman,  2.-i.  cent.  B.  C. 

<?.  Iliad  fragments  (Banks,  Harris),  2.  cent.  B.  C. 

f.  Papyri  from  Herculaneum,  79  A.  D.    (Epicurus,  Pbilodemos, 
etc.) 

g.  Aristotle,  'bOrivaiatv   IIoAireia,  \  t    A    D 
h.  Herodas,  Mimiambi.                     / 

/.  Four  speeches  of  Hyper eides,  150  A.  D. 

k.  Berlin  fragm.  of  the  Melanippe  of  Euripides,  $.-4.  cent. 

/.  Papyrus  fragm.  of  Isocrales,  4.  cent. 

m.  Cod.  Ambrosianus  of  the  Iliad.  ~\ 

n.  Cod.  Vaticanus  of  Cassius  Dio. 

o.  Euripides'  Phaeton  and  Menander,  fragm.    ^  5* 


p.  Fragm.  of  Arist.  Birds. 
2.  Latin. 

a.  Fragm.  of  Seneca,  i.  cent. 

b.  Seven  oldest  MSS  of  Virgil,  $-$.  cent. 

c.  Fragm.  of  Sallusfs  Historiae,  3.~4,  cent. 

d.  Codex  Bembinus  of  Terence,  4.~5.  cent. 

e.  Codex  Sessorianus  of  Pliny,  N.  H.  23-25,  5.  cent. 

f.  Codex  Puteaneus  of  Livy,  6.-y.  cent. 

g.  Palimpsesti. 

a.  luvenal  and  Persius,  fragm.  in  cod.  Vatic.,  3--4-  cent. 

j3.  Codex  Veronensis  and  cod.  Vaticanus  of  Livy. 

y.  Lucan  (Vienna,  Naples,  Rome),  4.  cent. 

d.  Cicero's  De  republica,  ^.-5.  cent. 

c.  Cicero's  Speeches  in  Verrem,  fragm.  in  cod.  Vatic.,  5.  cent. 

£.  Plauius  (cod.  Ambrosianus),  5.-6.  cent. 

r).  Gellius  and  Seneca,  fragm.,  5. -6.  cent. 

6.  Pronto,  fragm.,  4.-6.  cent. 

t.  Livy,  fragm.  (Vienna),  5.  cent. 

Cf.  E.  Hiibner,  Encyclop.,  pp.  45-54. 

IV.  THE  REVIVAL  OF  LEARNING  IN  ITALY. 

Cf.  G.  Voigt,  Die  Wiederbelebung  des  class.  Alterthums,  2  vols.,  Berlin, 
i88i2;/.  A.  Symonds,  Renaissance  in  Italy  (vol.  II.  The  Revival  of 
Learning),  1877;  /.  Burkhardt,  Die  Cultur  der  Renaissance  in  Italien, 
i88s5;  D.  Comparetti,  Virgilio  nel  medio  evo,  2  vols.,  Livorno,  1872  ;  F. 
A.  Eckstein,  Nomenclator  philologorum,  Lpz.  1871,  pp.  656  ;  W.  P6kel, 
Philolog.  Schriftstellerlexicon,  Lpz.  1882. 

(A).  GREEK  IMMIGRANTS. 

Cf.  H.  Hodius,  De  Graecis  illustr.  linguae  Graecae  litterarumque  hu- 
maniorum  instauratoribus,  London,  1742;  Bernhardy,  1*  730  ff. 


32 

(i).  Manuel  Chrysoloras,  1350-1415. 

In  Florence  in  1396,  thereafter  in  Pavia,  Venice,  Rome. 
Died  in  Germany.  Niccoli,  Bruni,  Marsuppini,  Traversari 
among  his  pupils. 

a.  'EpeoT77/iara    rrjs  'EXXrjviKrjS. 

b.  Verbatim  translation  of  Plato's  Republic. 
Cf.  Voigt,  I  225-35 ;  Symonds,  p.  108  ff. 

(2).  Georgios  Gemisthios  Plethon,  1355-1452. 

Famous    Platonist.      Voigt,   II   119-22;    Symonds,   pp. 
198-210. 
(3).  Bessarion,  1403-72. 

Pupil  of  Plethon.    Famous  library  of  800  MSS  bequeathed 

to  Venice  (the   foundation  of  the   St.  Marcus  Library). 

Translator  of  Arist.  Metaphysics,  Xenophoris  Memorabilia. 

For  a  list  of  his  works  cf.  Fabricius,  X.     In  general :  Voigt,  II  124-33  > 

Symonds,  p.  247  ff.;  H.  Vast,  Le  Cardinal  Bessarion,  Paris,  1879. 

(4).  Theodorus  Gaza,  c.  I4OO-C.  1478. 

a.  r  panp.ariK.rj   «t  (ray  <oyr). 

b.  Celebrated  translations  of:  Aristotle,  Theophrastus,  de 
plantis,  Aelian,  Dionysius,  De  compositione  verborum. 
Cicero,  Cato  and  Laelius  into  Greek. 

Cf.  Hody,  pp.  55-101  ;  Voigt,  II,  p.  145  ff.;  L.  Stein,  Archiv  f.  Gesch. 
der  Philosophic,  II  3,  pp.  426-58. 

(5).  Demetrius  Chalcondylas,  1428-1510. 

a.  Edition  of  Homer  (ed.  pr.  1488),  Isocrates,  Suidas. 

b.  JZ(j(0TJ)fJiaTa. 

Cf.  Hody,  pp.  211-26  ;  Voigt,  I  442. 

(6).  Constantinos  Lascaris  (|  after  1500). 

a.  'Epwrq/zara  (Milan,  1476.    First  Greek  book  ever  printed). 

Cf.  Voigt,  I  371,  II  148;  A.  F.  Villemain,  Lascaris,  Paris,  1825  (Engl. 
transl.  1875,  London). 

(B).  ITALIAN  HUMANISTS. 

(i).  Francesco  Petrarca,  1304-74. 
Discoverer  of  Cicero's  Letters. 

Cf.  Voigt,  I,  pp.  12-159 ;  Symonds,  pp.  69-87  ;  Th.  Campbell,  Life  and 
Times  of  Petrarca,  i8452;  G.  KSrting,  P.  Leben  u.  Werke,  Lpz.  1878. 

(2).  Giovanni  Boccaccio,  1313-75. 

a.  Genealogia  deorum  gentilium. 

b.  De  casibus  illustrium  virorum. 


33 

c.  De  claris  mulieribus. 

d.  De  montibus,  silvis,  fontibus,  lacubus,  fluminibus. 

Cf.  G.  Koerting,  B.'s  Leben  u.  Werke,  pp.  742,  Lpz.  1880  ;  Voigt,  I,  pp. 
165-86;  Symonds,  pp.  87-97,  133. 

(3).  Colutius  Salutatus  (Coluccio  de  Piero  de  Salutati),  1330- 
1406. 
Cf.  Voigt,  I  194-214,  II  192,  486 ;  Symonds,  p.  103  ff. 

(4).  Leonardo  Bruni  (Aretinus),  1369-1444. 

Celebrated  translations  of  Aristotle,  Demosthenes,  Plutarch. 
Cf.  Voigt,  I  309  ff.,  II  165  ff. 

(5).  Francesco  Poggio  Bracciolini,  1380-1459. 

Discoverer  of  MSS  of  Cicero  (seven  orations),  Asconius 
Pedianus'  Commentary  to  Cicero's  speeches,  Plautus  (XII 
new  comedies),  a  complete  Quintilian,  Ammianus  Marcel- 
linus,  Aratea,  Silius,  Manilius,  Columella,  Frontinus,  Nonius, 
Probus,  Petronius,  parts  of  Lucretius,  Valerius  Flaccus, 
Priscian,  Vitruvius,  Statius'  Silvae  [  Tacitus,  Dial.,  Germ., 
Suet,  de  gramm.]. 
Cf.  Voigt,  I  237-62,  II  7,  75,  254  ff.,  329  ff.;  Symonds,  p.  134  ff.,  230-46 ; 

Henzen  in  C.  I.  L.  VI  i  (on  P.'s  contributions  to  epigraphy). 

(6).   Victorinus  da  Feltre,  1379-1447. 
Celebrated  pedagogue. 
Cf.  Voigt,  I  537  ff;  Symonds,  pp.  289-97. 

(7).  Kyriacus  of  Ancona,  i39i-c.  1450. 

"  I  go  to  awake  the  dead."     Famous  collector  of  inscrip- 
tions in  Greece  and  Italy. 
Cf.  Voigt,  I  271-88  ;  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  p.  xxii,  129  ff;  E.  Hiibner,  Rom.  Epi- 

graphik  (=  I.  Muller's  Handbuch,  vol.  I,  p.  475  ff.)  ;  Symonds,  p.  155  ff. 

(8).  Giovanni  Aurisp a,  c.  1370-1459. 

Famous  collector  of  Greek  MSS.  Reached  Venice  in 
1423,  with  238  vols.,  containing  mostly  classical  authors 
purchased  in  Constantinople.  Among  his  priceless  treas- 
ures were  the  celebrated  codex  Laurentianus  (seven  plays 
of  Soph.,  six  of  Aesch.;  Apollonius,  Argonautica),  of  the 
X.  cent.,  now  in  Florence;  the  entire  Demosthenes,  and 
Plato,  Xenophon,  Diodorus,  Strabo,  Arrian,  Lucian,  Dio 
Cassius. 
Cf.  Voigt,  I  262  ff ,  560  ff,  II  348.  /?£&&  L!B^4fev 

'  UNIVJEBSITY  ' 


34 

(9).  Francesco  Filelfo  (Philelphus),  1398-1481. 

Itinerant  professor;    collector  of  MSS.      Translator  of 
Homer. 

Cf.  Voigt,  I  351-69;  Symonds,  pp.  267-89. 

(10).  Laurentius  Valla  (Lorenzo  della  Valle),  1407-57. 

a.  Elegantiae  Latini  sermonis,  1444.     59.  edit,  in  1536. 
Still  useful. 

b.  Translations :  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  Homer. 

c.  Edition  of  Quintilian,  printed  1494. 

Cf.  /.  Vahlen,  Lorenzo  Valla,  Vienna,  1870;  Voigt,  I  464-80,  II  181  f.; 
Symonds,  pp.  258-65. 

(n).  Marsilius  Ficinus  (Marsiglio  Ficino),  1433-99. 

Famous  translation  of  Plato. 

Cf.  Creuzer,  Opusc.  II  5,  pp.  10-21 ;  Voigt,  II  123,  326  ;  Symonds,  p. 
324  ff. 

(12).  Angelus  Politianus  (Angiolo  de'  Ambrosini  of  Monte 
Puliciano),  1454-98. 

Praefationes  to  Homer,  Quintilian,  Statius'  Silvae,  Sue- 
tonius, Praelectio  in  Persium.     Translation  of  Callimachusl 
Herodianos  and  Epictetus. 
Cf.  Heeren,  1.  c.,  II  247-69;  Voigt,  I  371,  II  199 ;  Symonds,  pp.  345-55. 

(13).  Petrus  Victorius  (Pietro  Vettori),  1499-1584. 

The  greatest  philologist  and  critic  of  the  Italian  Renais- 
sance. 

a.  Edition  of  Cicero,  with  commentary. 

b.  Edition  of  Sophocles,  with  comment,  and  the  scholia, 
1547.    The  Electra  published  for  the  first  time  in  1545. 
Aeschylus,  1557. 

c.  Edition,   commentary    and    translation    of    Aristotle 
(Ethics,   Rhetoric,    Poetics,   de    partibus    animalium, 
Politics). 

d.  Xenophon's  Memorabilia. 

e.  Terence ;  Sallust ;  Varro,  de  re  rustica. 

f.  Demetrius    [Phalereus]     de     elocutione,    Dionysius, 
Isaeus,   Dinarchus,   Hipparchus   in   Arati   et   Eudoxi 
Phaenomena,  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  Porphyrius   de 
abstinentia. 

g.  Variae  lectiones,  38  bks. 

Cf.  Bandini,  Petri  Victorii  vita,  Florence,  1758;  Fr.  Creuzer,  1.  c.,  pp. 
21-36;  H.  Kcimmel,  Jahn's  Jahrb.  95,  p.  545  if.;  96,  p.  325  ff.,  421  ff. 


35 

A  LIST  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  EDITIONES  PRINCIPES  OF 
CLASSICAL  AUTHORS. 

Cf.  Chr.  Saxe,  Onomasticon,  2  vols.,  1775-90;  /.  /.  Brunei,  Manuel  de 
Libraire,  etc.,  8  vols.,  1880;  F,  A.  Schweiger,  Handbuch  d.  class.  Biblio- 
graphic, 2  vols.,  1830-34;  S.  F.  G.  Hoffmann,  Lex.  Bibliographicum,  3 
vols.  (only  Greek  authors),  1832;  L.Hain,  Repertorium  bibliographicum, 
ab  arte  typographia  inventa  usque  ad  a.  MD,  4  vols.,  Paris  and  Stuttgart, 
1838. 

i.  Greek. 

1481.     Theocritos  (Id.  I-XVIII),  together  with  Hesiod,  Works 

and  Days. 
1488.     Homer  (ed.  Chalcondylas).     Valla's  Latin  transl.  of  the 

Iliad  printed  as  early  as  1474. 

1495.  Hesiod,  Opera  omnia  (Aldus). 
1495-98.     Aristotle  (Aldus). 

1496.  Euripides'  Med.,  Hypp.,  Ale.,  Androm.  (I.  Lascaris), 

Apollonius  (Lascaris),  Lucian  (in  Florence). 

1498.  Aristophanes  (excl.  Lys.  and  Thesm.);  Opera  omnia. 

Basle,  1532. 

1499.  Aratus(in:  Astronomi  vett.  ap.  Aldum). 

1500.  Callimachus'  Hymns  (Lascaris). 

1502.  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  Sophocles  (Aldi). 

1503.  Euripides'  Opera  (excl.  Electra,  edit,  by  Victorius,  1545, 

from  Cod.  Laurent.  32,  2). 

1513.  Plato,  Oratt.  Att.  [Hyperides,  papyrus  discovered  1847]. 

Pindar  (together  with  Callim.,  Dionys.,  Perierg.,  Ly- 
cophron)  (Aldus). 

1514.  Athenaeus  (Aldus). 

1516.     Xenophon  (excl.  Agesil.,  Apologia,  ndpot,  ap.  lunta), 

Opera  omnia,  1525,  ap.  Aldum  ;  Strabo  (transl.  printed 

in  Rome,  1470),  Pausanias. 
1518.     Aeschylus  (Aldus). 
1530.     Polybius  (ap.  Vincent.  Opsopocus,  i.  e.  Koch).     Latin 

transl.  by  Nic.  Perrotto  (bks.  I-V),  printed  1473. 
1533.     Diogenes  Laertius  (Froben,  Basle). 
1539.     Diodorus  (libb.   16-20).     Latin  transl.  (libb.  I-V)  by 

Poggio,  1472. 
1544.     losephus  (Basle). 
1548.     Cassius  Dio  (R.  Stephanus). 
1551.     Appian. 
1572.     Plutarch  (H.  Stephanus).     Latin  transl.  by  Campanus, 

1471. 


36 

2.  Latin. 

1465.  Cicero,  de  officiis.  First  printed  edition  of  a  classical 
author.  Cf.  art.  '  Typography  '  in  Encycl.  Brit.  Lac- 
tantius  (Rome). 

1469.  Caesar,  Virgil,  Livy,  Lucan,  Apuleius,  Gellius  (Rome). 

1470.  Persius,  luvenal,  Martial,  Quintilian,  Suetonius  (Rome). 

Tacitus,  luvenal,  Sallust,  Horace  (Venice).     Terence 
(Strassburg). 

1471.  Ovid  (Rome,  Bonn),  Nepos  (Venice). 

1472.  Plautus  (G.  Merula),  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  Sta- 

tius  (Venice). 

1473.  Lucretius  (Brixiae). 

1474.  Valerius  Flaccus  (Bonn). 

1475.  Seneca  (Prose  Works),  Sallust  (first  volume  issued  in 

octavo]. 

1484.  Seneca  (Tragedies)  at  Ferrara. 

1485.  Pliny  the  Younger  (Venice). 
1498.     Cicero,  Opera  omnia. 

1520.  Veil.  Paterculus  (Beatus  Rhenanus,  Basle).  Only  one 
MS  in  existence. 

V.  FRANCE. 

Cf.  E.  Egger,  L'Hellenisme  en  France,  2  vols.  1869. 

(i)  Robert  Etienne  (Stephanus),  1503-69. 

Learned  printer  of  classical  authors,  e.  g.  Horace,  Diony- 
sius    Halic.    Dio   Cassius.       Thesaurus    linguae    Latinae, 


(2)  HENRI  ETIENNE,  son  of  Robert,  1528-98. 

For  a  list  of  the  extremely  numerous  editions  of  this 
famous  printer  cf.  L.  Feug£re,  Essai  sur  la  vie  et  les 
ouvrages  de  H.  E.,  Paris,  1853.  Cp.  also  Pokel,  1.  c.  sub 
nomine. 

Thesaurus  graecae  linguae,  5  vols.,  1572;  re-edited  by 
Dindorf,  1865.      Still  the  most  complete  lexicon  of 
Greek  published. 
Cf.  Egger,  1.  c.  p.  198  ff. 

(3)  Adrien  Turnebous  (Turnebus),  1512-65. 

Celebrated  critic.  Editor  e.  g.  Aesch.  Soph.,  Arist. 
Ethics,  Theophrastus,  Philo.,  Cicero,  de  legg.  Commen- 
taries to  Varro,  de  ling.  Lat.,  and  Horace,  Adversaria,  30 
bks.  Cf.  Pokel  s.  v. 


37 

(4)  DENIS  LAMBIN  (Dionysius  Lambinus),  1520-72. 

Famous  commentator  and  critic  of  Horace,  Cicero,  Lu- 
cretius, Plautus,  Nepos. 
Cf.  Orelli,  Onomasticon  Ciceronis,  vol.  I,  Appendix,  pp.  478-91. 

(5)  MARCUS  ANTONIUS  MURETUS,  1526-85. 

Renowned  Latin  stylist  and  critic. 

Editions  and  commentaries  to  Terence,  Catullus,  Tibul- 

lus,  Propertius,  Seneca;    Cicero,  Philippics.     Variae 

lectiones. 

Cf.  Opera  omnia,  ed.  D.  Ruhnken,  4  vols.  1789  (Life  in  vol.  IV,  pp.  518- 
82),  and  C.  Dejob,  M.  A.  Muret,  Paris,  1881  (IV  pp.  496). 

On  Scaliger,  see  below. 

(6)  ISAAC  CASAUBON  (Casaubonus),  1559-1614. 

Next  to  Scaliger  the  greatest  TroXinorcop  of  his  time. 

a.  De  Satyrica   Graeca  poesi  et  Romanorum   satira,  1605 
(ed.  Rambach,  Halle,  1774). 

b.  Editions  and  commentaries : 

a.    Theophrastus,  Characters.     1592. 

£.  Athenaeus,  1598.      i84O8  (incorporated  into  Schweig- 

hauser's  edition). 
y.  Persius,  1605.     1833*. 

d.  Suetonius,  1595.     i6n3  (cf.  F.  A.  Wolff's  edition). 

e.  Polybius,  1609.     (Especially  noteworthy  for  its  introduc- 
tion on  Greek  historiography.} 

£.  Apuleius,  Strabon,    Polyaenos    (ed.   pr.)    Histor.   Aug. 

Script.,  Aristophanes. 
77.  Exegetical  and  critical  contributions  to  Dionysius  Halic., 

Pliny  the  Younger,  Theocritos,  Diogenes  Laertius. 
Cf.  Mark  Pattison,  Isaac  Casaubon,  Oxford,  i8g22  (ed.  Nettleship). 

On  Salmasius,  see  below. 

(7)  Charles  du  Fresne  sieur  du  Cange,  1610-88. 

a.  Glossarium  ad  scriptores  mediae  et  infimae  Latinitatis, 
1678. 

b.  Glossarium  ad  scriptores  mediae  et  infimae  Graecitatis, 
1688. 

c.  Edition  of  Byzantian  Historians,  1680. 

Cf.  Hardouin,  Essai  sur  la  vie  et  les  ouvrages  de  du  Cange,  Paris,  1849. 

(8)  Bernhard  de  Montfaucon,  1655-1741. 

Cf.  E.  de  Broglie,  La  societe  de  1'abbaye  de  Saint-Germain,  etc.,  1891, 
2  vols. 


38 

a.  Palaeographia  Graeca,  1708  f. 

b.  L'antiquite*  explique"e  et  repre"sente*e  en  figures,  10  vols. 
fol.  (1719),  Suppl.  5  vols.  fol.  (1724).    1757*. 

VI.  THE  NETHERLANDS. 

Cf.  L.  Miiller,  Gesch.  der  class.  Philologie  in  den  Niederlanden,  Lpz. 
1869  (pp.  249). 

Desiderius  Erasmus  of  Rotterdam,  1465-1536. 

Cf.  R.  B.  Drummond,  E.,  his  Life  and  Character,  2  vols.,  London,  1873  '» 
L.  Feugere,  Erasme,  Paris,  1874;  A.  R.  Pennington,  Life  and  Character 
of  E.,  London,  1875  ;  Pokel,  1.  c.  p.  71  f.;  Adagiorum  Chiliades  (1506). 

1.  FIRST  PERIOD,  1530-75. 

(i;  Adriaan  de  Jonghe  (Hadrianus  Junius),  1511-75. 

Plutarch,  Symp.,  Martial,  Nonius  Marcellus,  Animad- 
versiones,  6  bks. — nomenclator  octilinguis. 

(2)  Jacob  de  Crusque  (Cruquius),  11584. 

Editor  of  Horace  with  scholia,  1578. 

(3)  Wilhelm  Canter,  1541-75. 

Editions  of  Aesch.,  Soph.,  Eur.,  Aristides,  Stobaeus. 
Transl.  of  Lycophron's  Alexander  (in  Scaliger's  edition). 

2.  SECOND  PERIOD,  1575-1650. 

Foundation  of  the  University  of  Leiden,  1575;  Utrecht, 
1636.  Cf.  L.  Miiller,  p.  5  ff.  Characteristic  of  the  period. 

(1)  JUSTUS  LIPSIUS,  1547-1606. 

1567  in  Rome,  1572  Professor  in  Jena,  1576  in  Lowen, 
7579  in  Leiden,  1592  in  Lowen. 

a.  TACITUS,  1574'.     Epoch-making  masterpiece. 

b.  Velleius  Paterculus^    1591.     Cf.   Ruhnken,  Opusc.   II, 

P-  54i- 

c.  Seneca  Philosophus,  1605. 

d.  Valerius  Maximus. 

Cf.  A.  de  Reiffenberg,  De  J.  L.  vita  et  scriptis  commentarius,  Brussels, 
1823  ;  L.  Miiller,  pp.  24-29,  33-35. 

(2)  JOSEPH  JUSTUS  SCALIGER,  1540-1609. 

One  of  the  greatest  scholars  of  all  times.  Wyttenbach, 
Praef.  ad  Plut.  Moralia  '  Unus  forte  Joseph  Scaliger,  quern 
ex  omnibus  qui  post  renatas  Literas  fuerunt,  omni  Anti- 
quitatis  scientia  consumatissimum  fuisse  constat,  non  mul- 
tum  ab  hac  perfectione  abfuit.'  Born  in  France.  Called 
to  Leiden  in  1593. 


39 

a.  Coniectanea  to  Varro,  De  L.  L.,  1565. 

b.  Catalecta  Virgilii  et  aliorum  poetarum  veterum,  1572. 

c.  FESTUS,  1575. 

d.  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  1577. 

e.  Manilius,  1579. 

/.    DE  EMENDATIONE  TEMPORUM,  1583. 

g.  THESAURUS  TEMPORUM,  1606. 

h.  TWENTY-FOUR    INDEXES  TO   GRUTER'S  THESAURUS 

INSCRIPT.  LATIN.,  1601. 
i.  De  re  nummaria,  1616  ;  Opuscula,  1610;  De  arte  critica, 

1619. 

Cf.  J.  Bernays,  J.  J.  Scaliger,  Berlin,  1855  (pp.  319);  List  of  works, 
1.  c.  p.  267-305 ;  L.  Milller,  pp.  35,  222-7  ;  M.  Pattison,  The  Lives  of  the 
two  Scaligers,  London,  1856;  Ruhnkenius,  Elog.  Hemsterhusii  (Opusc.  I 
269). 

(3)  Gerhard  Johannes  Vossius,  1577-1649. 
1615  in  Leiden,  1622  in  Amsterdam. 

a.  Grammatica  Latina  (1607),  Aristarchus  (1635),  de  vitiis 
sermonis  (1640),  Etymologicum  (1660). 

b.  Ars  rhetorum,  de  arte  poetica  (1647). 

c.  DE  HISTORICIS  GRAECIS,  1634  (1833  ed.  Westermann). 

d.  De  historicis  Latinis,  1627. 
Cf.  L.  Miiller,  p.  39  f. ;  Pokel,  s.  v. 

(4)  Daniel  Heinsius,  1581-1639. 

Editor  of  Hesiod,  Theocritos,  Terence,  Virgil,  Horace, 
Ovid,  Seneca,  Silius.  Cf.  L.  Muller,  p.  38  f. 

(5)  Claude  de  Saumaise  (^Salmasius),  1588-1653. 

Professor  in  Leiden,  1631.  At  the  court  of  Christina  of 
Sweden,  1650.  Opponent  of  Milton.  Discoverer  of  Ke- 
phalas'  Anthologia,  1606. 

"  Non  homini  sed  scientiae  deest  quod  nescivit  Salma- 
sius." — Balzac. 

a.  Hist.  Aug.  Scriptt.  1620;  P'lorus,  1609;  Tertullian. 

b.  Plinianae  exercitatt.  in  Solinum,  1629. 

c.  De  lingua  hellenistica,  1643. 

d.  De  usuris,  de  mutuo,  de  annis  climactericis. 
e    De  re  militari  Romanorum,  1657. 

Cf.  Saxe,  Onomast.  IV  188  ff . ;  F.  Creuzer,  1.  c.  pp.  65-75  ;  L.  Muller, 
p.  41. 

(6)  Hugo  Grotius,  1583-1645. 

a.   Famous  transl.  of  the  Ant  hoi.  Planudea,  1645. 


40 

b.  De  iure  belli  et pads,  1625'. 

c.  Editions  of:    Mart.  Capella,   Lucan's  Pharsalia,  Silius 
Italicus. 

Cf.  Creuzer,  1.  c.  p.  80  ff. ;  L.  Muller,  p.  38  ;  Pokel.  s.  v. 

3.  THIRD  PERIOD,  1650-1750. 

(1)  Job.  Friedrich  Gronov,  1611-1671. 

Editor  of:  Sallust,  Seneca  the  elder,  Plinius,  Tacitus, 
Gellius,  Justinus,  Plautus,  Phaedrus,  Statius,  Martial. 
Cf.  L.  Muller,  pp.  42-44. 

(2)  Jacob  Gronov,  1645-1716,  son  of  (i). 

a.  Editor  of:  Herodotus,  Polybius,  Cicero,  Ammianus. 

b.  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Graecarum,  13  vols.,  1702. 

(3)  Nicolaus  Heinsius  (son  of  Daniel  H.),  1620-81. 
Editions  and  commentaries  of:   Virgil,  Ovid,  Valerius 

Flaccus,    Silius,   Claudianus,    Prudentius,    Petronius, 
Velleius,  Curtius,  Tacitus.     Cf.  L.  Muller,  pp.  51-54. 

(4)  Joh.  Georg  Graevius,  1623-1703. 

Editor  of:  Cicero,  Opera  omnia,  Hesiod,  Callimachus, 
Justinus,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  Florus.  The- 
saurus antiquitatum  Romanorum,  12  vols.,  1699.  Cf. 
L.  Muller,  p.  44  f. 

(5)  Ezechiel  Spanheim,  1629-1710. 

Born  in  Geneva,  died  in  London.     Educated  in  Leiden. 

a.  Famous  and  still  useful  commentary  to  the  Hymns  of 
Callimachus,  ed.  Ernesti,  1761,  in  2  vols. 

b.  Dissertatio  de  usu  et praestanlia  numismatum  antiquo- 
rum,  1664,  I7o63. 

Cf.  D.  Ruhnken,  Opusc.  II  596  f. 

(6)  Peter  Burmann  the  elder,  1668-1741. 

Editor  of:  Petronius,   Velleius,    Quintilian,    Suetonius, 

Aristophanes,  Phaedrus,  Lucan,  Valerius  Flaccus. 
Cf.  L.  Muller,  pp.  45,  f.  54-59 ;  Saxe,  Onomast.  V  pp.  466-77. 

(7)  Peter  Burmann  [Secundus],  nephew  of  (6),  1714-78. 
Editor  of:  Virgil,  Propertius,   Claudianus,  Poetae  Mi- 

nores,  Anthologia  Lalina. 

Cf.  T.  C.  Harles,  Vitae  Philologorum  nostra  aetate  clarissimorum,  vol. 
I,  pp.  93-167. 

(8)  Tiberius  Hemsterhuis  (HEMSTERHUSIUS),  1685-1766. 

Prof,  in  Franeker  1717,  in  Leiden  1740. 


41 

Edition  of  Pollux,  Lucian  and  Aristoph.  Plutos. 
Cf.  D.  Ruhnken,  Elogium  H.  (=  Opusc.  I  238  ff.) ;  L.  Muller,  pp.  74-82. 

4.  FOURTH  PERIOD,  1750  to  the  present. 

(1)  Ludwig  Caspar  Valckenaer,  1750-85. 
Prof,  in  Franeker,  1741  ;  in  Leiden,  1766. 

a.  Editions  of:  Homer,  Iliad  with  scholia,  1747. 
EURIPIDIS  PHOENISSAE,  1755  (1824*,  Lpz.  2  vols.). 
Euripidis  Hippol.  acced.  DIATRIBE  IN  EUR.  PERDIT. 

FABB.  RELL.   1768  (1823,  LpZ.  2  vols.). 

THEOCRITOS,  Bion  and  Moschus,  1781.    Poetae  bucolici 

et  didactici  ed.  ill.  1781. 
Callimachi  fragmenta,  ed.  Luzac,  1799. 

b.  DIATRIBE  DE  ARISTOBULO  ed.  Luzac,  1806. 

F.  Ursinus,  Vergilius  collatione  scriptt.  Graec.  illustr.  ed. 

Valck,  1747. 
Cf.  Wyttenbach,  Opusc.  I  796;  L.  Muller,  p.  82  f. 

(2)  David  Ruhneken  (RHUNKENIUS),  1723-98. 
Prof,  at  Leiden. 

a.  Timaei  lexicon  vocum  Platonicarum,  1754  (i8334). 

b.  Oratio  de  doctore  umbratico,  Leiden,  1761. 

c.  Historia  critica  oratorum  Graecorum,  1768  (Lpz.  1841). 

d.  (P.  J.  Schardam)  De  vita  et  scriptis  Longini. 

e.  Velleius,  Homeric  Hymns  to  Demeter  and  Dionysos. 
f.  Dictata  in  Terentium,  in  Ovidii  Heroidas,  in  Suetonium. 
Cf.  D.  Wyttenbach,  Vita  D.  Ruhnkenii,  ed.  Bergmann,  1824;  L.  Muller, 

pp.  84-8,  101-3. 

(3)  Daniel  Wyttenbach,  1746-1820. 

a.  PLUTARCHI  MORALIA  (Text,  Animadversiones,  index, 
14  vols.;  Commentary  unfinished),  1795-1820.      Plato's 
Phaedo. 

b,  Philomathia,  3  vols.,  1817.     Bibliotheca  Critica,   1779- 
1809.     Vita  Ruhnkenii,  1790,  pp.  295. 

Cf.  L.  Muller,  pp.  91-6. 

(4)  Peter  Hofmann-Peerlkamp,  1786-1865. 

Editions  of:  Tacitus'  Agricola,  Horace,  Odes  (1834), 
Satires  (1845)  and  Ars  Poetica  (1863),  Virgil,  Aeneid 
(1863).  Propertius,  1865.  Cf.  L.  Muller,  p.  no  f. 

(5)  C.  Gabriel  Cobet,  1813-88. 
Prof,  in  Leiden. 


42 

a.  Oratio  de  arte  interpretandi,  1847. 

b.  Diogenes  Laertius,  Paris,  1850. 

c.  Novae  Lectiones,  2  vols.     Variae  Lectiones,  2  vols. 

Cf.  J.  J.  Hartmann,  Biogr.  Jahrbuch  (Calvary),  XII  p.  53  ff.  (1889). 

VII.  ENGLAND. 

Burney's  Pleiad :    Bentley,  [Dawes,]  Markland,  Taylor,  [Toup, 
Tyrwhitt,]  Porson. 

(1)  RICHARD  BENTLEY,  1662-1742. 

1676  in  Cambridge,  1689  in  Oxford,  1694  m  London, 
1700  Master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

a.  Epistola  ad  Millitim,  1691. 

b.  DISSERTATION  ON  THE  EPISTLES  OF  PHALARIS,  etc., 
1690  (ed.  W.  Wagner,  1874).      Immortal  masterpiece. 

c.  HORACE,   1711.      1869   (ed.  Zangemeister).      'Epoch- 
making  masterpiece.' 

d.  Discovery  of  the  Digamma  in  Homer  (Collins  on  Free- 
thinking,  1713,  ed.  of  Milton,  1732). 

e.  Terence  (Famous  introduction  on  Latin  versification], 
with  Phaedrus,  Publilius  Syrus,  1726. 

/.  Collection  of  the  fragments  of  CALLIMACHUS,  1693. 

g.  Manilius  (1739);  Emendations  to  Menander  and  Phile- 
mon (1710). 

Cf.  /.  H.  Monk,  Life  of  R.  B.,  2  vols.  1833*  (I  pp.  428,  II  466) ;  F.  A. 
Wolff,  Literar.  Analecten  I  1-95,  II  493-9  (=  Klein.  Schrift.  II  1030, 
1089  ff.) ;  R.  C.Jebb,  R.  B.  (Engl.  Men  of  Letters),  Lond.  1882  (pp.  224): 
O.  Mdhly,  R.  B.,  1868  (pp.  179).  Bernays,  Philol.  Mus.  VIII  1-24. 

(2)  Jeremiah  Markland^  1693-1776. 

Editor  of  Euripides,  Maximus  Tyrius,  Statins  Silvae. 

Remarks  on  the  Epistles  of  Cicero  to  Brutus,  1745. 
Cf.  Wolff,  Analecten,  II  370-91. 

(3)  John  Taylor,  1703-66. 

Editor  of  Lysias,  1739;  Aeschines,  1769;  several  orations 

of  Demosthenes. 
Cf.  Wolff,  1.  c.  I  500  ff. 

(4)  RICHARD  PORSON,  1759-1808. 

Next  to  Bentley,  England's  greatest  text  critic.     Prof,  in 
Cambridge,  1792 ;    Librarian  of  the  London  Institu- 
tion, 1805. 
a.  Aeschylus,  1795,  2  vols. 


43 

b.  EURIP.  HECUBA,  1797,  withsuppl.  to  the  famous  preface 
on  Greek  versification  [Canon  Porsonianum],  1808. 

c.  Eurip.  Orest.  1798;  Phoen.  1799;  Medea,  1801. 

d.  Critical  contributions  to  Homer,  Herodotus,  Xenophon, 
Aristoph.,  Pausanias,  Suidas   (cf.  Tracts  and  Miscella- 
neous Criticism  of  R.  P.,  ed.  by  Kidd,  1815). 

Cf.  /.  S.  Watson,  Life  of  R.  P.,  1861  ;  F.  A.  Wolff,  Anal.  II  284-9  I 
G.  Hermann,  Opusc.  VI  92  ff. 

(5)  Peter  Elmsley,  1713-1825. 

Editions  of:  Thucydides,  Eurip.,  Ale.,  Androm.,  Elect., 
Med.,  HeracL,  Bacch.,  Aristoph.,  Acharn.,  with  com- 
ment., 1809.  Soph.,  O.  T.,  O.  C. 

(6)  William  Martin  Leake,  1777-1869. 
Celebrated  traveler  and  archaeologist. 

a.  Topography  of  Athens  and  the  demi. 

b.  Travels  in  Northern  Greece,  1841,  4  vols. 

c.  Travels  in  the  Morea,  1830,  2  vols. 

Cf.  £.  Curtius,  Alterthum  u.  Gegenwart,  p.  305  ff. 

(7)  Thomas  Gaisford,  1779-1855. 

Edition  of:  Hephaestion,  Prodi  Chrestom.,  Suidas,  3 
vols.,  Scriptt.  lat.  rei  metricae,  Paroemiogr.  Grace., 
Etymol.  Magn.,  Slobaeus,  Eusebius,  6  vols. 

(8)  George  Grote,  1794-1871. 

a.  GREEK  HISTORY,  12  vols.,  1856. 

b.  Plato  and  the  other  companions  of  Socrates,  1865. 

c.  Aristotle  (unfinished),  1871. 

(9)  Hugh  Andrew  Johnstone  Munro,  1819-85. 

a.  LUCRETIUS   (text,   comment,   transl.),    3   vols.,    1873. 
i8864. 

b.  Lucil.  Aetna,  text  and  comment.,  1867. 

c.  Horace,  1869. 

d.  Criticisms  and  Elucidations  of  Catullus,  1878. 
Cf.  J.  D.  Duff,  Biogr.  Jahrb.  VII  p.  in  ff. 

VIII.  GERMANY. 

Chief  work :  C.  Bursian,  Geschichte  der  class.  Philologie  von  den 
Anfangen  bis  zur  Gegenwart,  Munich,  1883  (VIII  pp.  1271);  Hiibner, 
1.  c.  pp.  99-121. 

ANTE-WOLFFIAN  PERIOD. 
(i)  Roclef  Huysrnan  (Rudolphus  Agricold),  1442/3-85. 


44 

Famous  pedagogue.     The  first  to  introduce  the  system- 
atic study  of  the  classics  into  Germany.     Translation 
of  Ps.   Plato,  Axiochus,  several  treatises  of  Lucian, 
Commentary  to  Seneca  Rhetor. 
Cf.  Bursian,  p.  101  f. 

(2)  Johannes  REUCHLIN,  1455-1522. 

a.  Vocabularius      breviloquus,      synopsis      grammaticae 
Graecae. 

b.  Translation  of  the  Batrachomyomachia. 

c.  Editions  of:  Xenophon,  Apol.  Agesil.  Hiero ;  Aeschinis 
et  Demosthenis  oratt.  adversariae. 

Cf.  L.  Geiger,  R.,  sein  Leben  u.  seine  Werke,  Berl.  1871 ;  Bursian,  pp. 
120-31. 

(3)  Joachim  Kammermeister  (Camerarius),  1500-74. 

a.  Editions  of:  Speeches  of  Demosth.,  Sophocles,  with 
commentary  (1534,  1556),  Quintilian,  with  comment. 
(1534),  Cicero,  4  vols.  fol.,  1540,  Herodotus,  Thucydides, 
Plautus  (1552),  Theocritos,  Aristotle's  Ethics,  Theo- 
phrastos,  historia  rei  nummariae. 

Cf.  Ritschl,  Opusc.  II  99  ff.,  Ill  67  ff.  (On   his   edition  of  Plautus) ; 
Bursian,  pp.  185-90.     Full  list  of  works  in  Pokel,  s.  v.  p.  39  f. 

(4)  Johann  Albert  Fabricius,  1668-1736. 

a.  Bibliotheca  Graeca,  14  vols.,  1728  (ed.  Harles,  1809,  12 
vols.,  index,  1838).    A  monumental  and  still  indispensable 
storehouse  of  information. 

b.  Bibliotheca  Latina,  1697  (ed.  Ernesti,  1773). 

c.  Bibliotheca  Lat.  med.  et  infim.  aetatis,  1746,  6  vols. 

d.  Sextus  Empiricus,  1718. 

Cf.  H.  S.  Reimarus,  de  vita  et  scriptis  F.  Hamburg,  1737;  Creuzer,  pp. 
201-5  !  Bursian,  pp.  360-4;  Pokel,  s.  v. 

(5)  Johann  Matthias  Gesner,  1691-1761. 

Editions  of:  Scriptores  reirusticae,  Horace,  Quintilian, 
Pliny  the  Younger,  Claudianus.  Thesaurus  Linguae 
Latinae,  2  vols.  fol.,  1749.  Transl.  of  Lucian. 

Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  387-93;  F.  Paulsen,  Gesch.  d.  gelehrt.  Unterrichts  in 
Deutschl.,  Lpz.  1885,  pp.  427-40. 

(6)  Johann  August  Ernesti,  1707-81. 

Editions  of:  Xenophon,  Memorab.,  Arist.  Clouds,  Ho- 
mer, Callimachus  Polybius,  Tacitus,  Sueton.,  Cicero, 


AS 

1739,   1774,  5  vols.,  with  clavis  Ciceroniana  (Halle, 
1 832*).     Famous  teacher  and  Latin  stylist. 

Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  400-4  ;  Allg.  deutsche  Biogr.  VI  235-42. 

(7)  Joh.  Jacob  REISKE,  1716-74. 

a.  Edition  of  Constantinos  Porphyrogennetos,  de  cerimo- 
niis  aulae  Byzantinae,  2  vols.,  1754. 

b.  Editions  of:  Theocritos,  2  vols.,  1766  ;   Oratt.   Graeci, 
12  vols.,  1775. 

(V)  Editions  of:  Plutarch,  12  vols.;  Dionysius  Halic.,  6 
vols.;  Maximo*  Tyrios,  2  vols.;  Dion.  Chrysostomos,  2 
vols. ;  Libanios,  4  vols.  (all  printed  after  R.'s  death). 

d.  Translation    of:     Speeches   in   Thucyd.,   Speeches   of 
Dem.  and  Aesch,  5  vols. 

e.  Animadversiones  ad  auctores  Graecos,  5  vols.,  1766. 

Cf.  Autobiography,  Lpz.  1783  ;  Bursian,  pp.  407-16. 

(8)  Johann  Joachim  WINCKELMANN,  1717-68. 

Founder  of  the  science  of  Archaeology. 

Die  Geschichte  der  Kunst  des  Alterthums,  1764. 

Cf.  K.  Justi,  W.,  sein  Leben,  seine  Werke  und  seine  Zeitgenossen,  3 
vols.,  Lpz.,  1872  (pp.  xii  -j-  525,  398,  pp.  vi  -\-  440);  Bursian,  pp.  426-36. 

(9)  Joseph  Hilarius  ECKHEL,  1737-98. 

Founder  of  the  science  of  Numismatics. 
Doctrina  nummorum  veterum,  8  vols.,  1798.     1841*. 
Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  496-99. 

(10)  Christian  Gottlob  HEYNE,  1729-1812. 

Editions  of:  Tibullus,  1755;  Epictetus,  1756;  Virgil,^ 
vols.,  1775 ;  Pindar,  [Ps.]  Apollodori  Bibliotheca,  2 
vols.,  1782,  i8o22;  Iliad,  8  vols.,  1802;  Opusc.  Aca- 
demic a,  6  vols.,  1785-1812. 

Cf.  A.  H.  L.  Heeren,  Chr.  G.  Heyne,  Gottingen,  1813  (XXII,  pp.  522)  ; 
Bursian,  pp.  476-500. 

THE  NEW  SCHOOL. 
Friedrich  August  WOLFF,  1759  (200  years  after  Casaubonus) 
-1824. 

a.  Prolegomena  to  HOMER,   1795.     Cp.  R.  Volckmann, 
Geschichte  u.  Kritik  der  W.'s  Prolegg.,  Lpz.  1874. 

b.  Demosthenis  Leptinea  (valuable  introduction),  1790. 


46 

c.  Plato's  Symposium,  Hesiod,  Theogony;  Cicero,  Tusc. 
Disp.,   Orations  (Post  red.  in  senatu,  ad  Quirites,  de 
domo   sua,   de   haruspicum   responsis,   pro   Marcello — 
regarded  as  spurious  by  W.),  Aristoph.  Clouds,  Casau- 
bonus'  Suetonius. 

d.  Encyclopaedic  der  Philologie  ed.  Stockmann,  Lpz.  1831. 

e.  Kleine  Schriften,  2  vols.  (pp.  1200),  Ed.  G.  Bernhardy, 
1869. 

Cf.  W.  Korte,  Leben  u.  Studien  F.  A.  W.'s  des  Philologen,  2  vols., 
Essen,  1833  (pp.  363,  314);  Bursian,  pp.  517-48. 

I.  Grammatico-critical  School. 
On  Criticism  and  Hermeneutics  : 

F.  Schleiermacher,  Works,  III  3,  p.  344  ff. ;  Hermeneutik  u.  Kritik, 
Works,  i  pt.  VII,  1838  (pp.  xviii  -f-  390) ;  G.  Hermann,  de  officio  inter- 
pretis,  Opusc.  V,  p.  405  ff.,  VII  97  ff. ;  A.  Boeckh,  Opusc.  I  100  ff,  V 
248  ff.,  VII  262  ff.,  Encyclopaedic,  etc.,  der  phil.  Wissensch.,  pp.  79- 
263;  ff.  Sauppe,  Epistola  Critica;  C.  G.  Cobet,  Oratio  de  arte  inter- 
pretandi,  Leiden,  1847  (pp.  163);  J.  N.  Madvig,  Advers.  Critica,  I 
(1871)  pp.  8-184;  E*  Tournier,  Exercises  critiques,  Paris,  1875  (pp.  175); 
Fr.Blass,  Hermeneutik  u.  Kritik  (Iwan  Mailer's  Handbuch)  I  (1886),  pp. 
125-272. 

(1)  Gottfried  HERMANN,  1772-1848. 

a.  Editions  of:  Aeschylus,  Soph.,  Eurip.  (Hecuba,  Here, 
fur.  Suppl.  Bacchae,  Alcestis,  Ion),  Arist.  Clouds,  Plan- 
tus'  Trinummus,  Aristotle  s  Poetics,  Homeric   Hymns, 
Lexicon  of  Photios,  Bion  and  Moschus. 

b.  Elementa  doctrinae  metric ae,  1816. 

c.  Homeric  treatises,  1832,  1840.     Opusc.,  8  vols.,  1827-39. 
vol.  VIII,  1876. 

Cf.  O.  Jahn,  Biogr.  Aufsatze,  Lpz.  1849  (pp.  91-132);  Bursian,  p.  575  ff., 
pp.  666-86. 

(2)  Christian  August  Lobeck,  1781-1860. 

a.  Sophocles,  Aiax,  1809. 

b.  Aglaophamus,  2  vols.,  1829. 

c.  Paralipomena  grammaticae  Graecae,  2  vols.,  1837. 
Cf.  Bursian,  p.  572  ff.,  711-713. 

(3)  August  Immanuel  BEKKER,  1785-1881. 

a.  Text  Editions  of:  Plato,  Attic  Orators,  Aristotle,  Sextus 
Empiricus,  Thucydides,  Theognis,  Aristophanes,  Photios, 
Suidas,  Scholia  to  the  Iliad,  Cassius  Dio,  Harpocration, 


47 

Corpus   scriptt.   Byzantinorum,  24  vols.,   Homer  (with 
digamma  in  the  text),  etc.,  etc. 
Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  658-63;  Pokel,  s.  v. 

(4)  Karl  Lachmann,  1793-1831. 

a.  Propertius  (1816),  Catullus,  Prop.,  TibulL,  1829,  Teren- 
tianus  Maurus. 

b.  BETRACHTUNGEN  UBER  HOMER'S  ILIAS  (mit  Zusatzen 
von  M.  Haupt),  1837,  1841.     '  Epoch-making.' 

c.  LUCRETIUS,  with  critical  commentary.    '  Immortal  mas- 
terpiece.' 

d.  Lucilius  (ed.  Vahlen),  Babrios. 

Cf.  M.  Hertz,  K.  L.,  Berlin,  1851  (pp.  x  -f-  255,  xliii) ;  Bursian,  pp.  789- 
800. 

(5)  August  Meineke,  1790-1870. 

a.  Editor  of:  Strabo,  Athenaeus,  C3\\\mzc\\\is,  Aristophanes, 
Fragmenta    Comicorum    (with    HISTORY   OF    GREEK 
COMEDY),  5  vols.,  1841  ;  Theocritos,  Horace  (application 
of  the  four-line  strophe). 

b.  Analecta  Alexandrina,  1843. 

Cf.  F.  Ranke,  A.  M.,  Ein  Lebensbild,  Lpz.  1871  ;  Bursian,  pp.  764-9. 

(6)  Karl   Wilhelm  'Dindorf,  1802-71. 

a.  Editor  of:  Aristophanes,  Poetae  scenici  graeci,  Demos- 
thenes, 9  vols.,  1846-51,    Stephanus   Byzantius,   Arts- 
tides^  Themistios,  Lucian,  Herodotus,  Josephus,  Clemens 
Alexandrinus,  4  vols.,  Eusebius,  4  vols. 

b.  Scholia  to  Odyssee,  1856;  scholia  to  Iliad,  4  vols.,  1877. 

c.  Lexicon  Aeschyleum,  Lex.  Sophocleum.     New  edition 
of  Stephanus'  Greek  Thesaurus,  Metra  Aesch.,  Soph., 
Eur.,  Aristoph. 

Cf.  Biogr.  Jahrb.  VI,  1883,  p.  1 12  ff . ;   Bursian,  pp.  861-70. 

(7)  Karl  Lehrs,  1802-78. 

a.  DE  ARISTARCHI  STUDIIS  HOMERICIS,  1833  (i8823,  pp. 

505)- 

b.  Horace,  1869.  Transl.  of  Plato's  Phaedrus  and  Sympo- 
sion. 

c.  Die  Pindarscholien,  Lpz.  1873. 

Cf.  E.  Kammer,  Biogr.  Jahrb.  (1879),  PP-  I5~28|  Bursian,  pp.  718-24. 

(8)  FRIEDRICH  RITSCHL,  1806-76. 

a.  PLAUTUS  {Trinummus,  with  famous  Prolegg.),  Bacchi- 
des,  PARERGA  to  Plautus  and  Terence  (Fabulae  Varro- 
nianae,  etc.),  Opusc.  vol.  II  (pp.  782),  vol.  Ill,  1-300. 


48 

b.  On  the  literary  activity  of  Varro.     Opusc.  Ill,  pp.  419- 

592. 

c.  Aeschylus,  Septem,  1853. 

d.  Priscae     latinitatis     monumenta     epigraphica,     1862. 
Opusc.  vol.  V. 

e.  On  Alexandrian  library,  Stichometry,  etc.   Opusc.  vol.  I. 

Cf.  L.  Muller,  F.  R.,  Berlin,  1877  ;  0.  Ribbeck,  F.  W.  R.,  Ein  Beitrag 
z.  Gesch.  der  Philologie,  2  vols.,  Lpz.  1881  (pp.  vii  -\-  348,  viii  -\-  591) ; 
Bursian,  pp.  812—40. 

(9)  Johann  Nicolaus  MADVIG,  1804-86. 

a.  De  Asconii  Pediani  comment.  1826. 

b.  CICERO,  DE  FINIBUS,  1839, 

c.  Emendationes  Livianae,  1860, 

d.  Livy,  ed.  Madvig  and  Ussing,  1866,  iSyg3,  4  vols. 

e.  Latin  Grammar,  1843'.     Greek  Syntax,  1847. 

f.  Opusc.  Acad.  i88y2.     Adversaria  Critic  a  >  2  vols.,  1873. 

g.  Die  Verfassung  u.  Verwaltung  des  rom.  Staates. 
Complete  list  of  his  works  in  Wochenschr.  f.  class.  Philol.  IV  (1887) 

p.  285.     Cf.  Heiberg,  Biogr.  Jahrb.  IX  (1886)  pp.  202-21. 

2.  Historical- antiquarian  School. 
Bibliography : 

Greek  and  Roman  Literature,  Gi-ammar,  Poetics,  etc.  (Hilbner,  Encycl. 
pp.  140-75),  Religion  (pp.  175-84),  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities  and 
History  (pp.  184-215,  359-88),  Geography  (pp.  215-85),  Chronology  (pp. 
286-90),  Archaeology  (pp.  290-342),  Metrology  and  Numismatics  (pp.  342- 
51),  Epigraphy  (pp.  351-59).  Cp.  also  Sal.  Reinach,  Manuel  de  philologie 
classique,  vol.  II,  Appendice,  Paris,  1884  (pp.  310). 

(1)  Barthold  Georg  Niebuhr,  1776-1831. 

a.  ROMAN  HISTORY,  3  vols.,  iSu1. 

b.  Lectures  on  Roman  History,  3  vols.  (Engl.  1843,  Germ. 
1846). 

c.  Lectures  on  Ancient  History,  3  vols.,  1851. 

d.  Edition  of  Fronio,  1816,  Fragmm.  of  Cicero's  Speeches. 

e.  Kleine  Schriften,  2  vols.,  1828. 

Cf.  S.  Winkworth,  The  Life  and  Letters  of  B.  G.  N.,  3  vols.,  Lond.  1852  ; 
Bursian,  pp.  647-63  ;  F.  Eyssenhardt,  B.  G.  N.,  Gotha,  1886. 

(2)  August  BOECKH,  1785-1867. 

a.  De  Graecae  tragoediae  principibus,  1806. 

b.  Edition  of  PINDAR,  4  vols.,  1811-22. 

c.  CORPUS  INSCRIPTIONUM  GRAECARUM,  4  vols. 

d.  PUBLIC  ECONOMY  OF  ATHENS,  12  vols.,  1817',  1886'. 


49 

e.  Philolaos,  1818. 

f.~  Metrologische   Untersuchungen,  1838;  Manetho  u.  die 
Hundsternperiode,  1845;  Zur  Gesch.  der  Mondcyclen, 
1856;  Opuscula,  7  vols.,  1874. 
g.  Encyclopaedic  u.  Methodologie  der  Philol.  ed.  Kluss- 

mann,  1886*  (pp.  884). 

Cf.  E.  von  Leutsch,  Philol.  Anz.  XVI  (1886)  p.  224  ff.  ;  Bursian,  pp.  687- 
705. 
(3)  Friedrich  Gottlieb  Welcker,  1784-1868. 

a.  Die  Aeschyleische  Trilogie  Prometheus,  1824. 

b.  Theognis,  1826. 

-  c.  Der  Epische  Cyclus,  2  vols.,  1849  (i8822). 

d.  DIE  GRIECH.  TRAGOEDIEN,  3  vols.  (pp.  1614),  1841. 

e.  Alte  Denkmaler,  5  vols.,  1849-64. 

f.  Griech.  Goiterlehre,  3  vols.,  1863. 

g.  Kleine  Schriften,  6  vols.  (on  Sappho,  Prodicus,  etc.). 
Cf.  Reinh.  Kekule,  F.  G.  W.'s  Leben,  Lpz.  1880  (pp.  591) ;  Bursian,  pp. 

1029-46. 

(4).  Karl  Ottfried  Miiller,  1797-1840. 

a.  Die  Dorier,  1824;  Die  Etrusker,  1828  (i8782). 

b.  Archaeologie  der  Kunst,  1830  (i8784). 

c.  Aeschylus  Eumemden,  1833. 

d.  Varro,  de  lingua  Latina,  1833. 

e.  Festus,  1839. 

f.  History  of  the  Literature  of  Ancient  Greece,  Lond. 

1840,  3  vols.  (i8763  in  3  vols.,  ed.  E.  Heitz). 
Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  1007-9;  %•  Hillebrand,  in  the  French  transl.  of  (d), 
vol.  I,  pp.  xvii-ccclxxx,  Paris,  1865. 

(5)  Franz  BOPP,  1791-1867. 

Founder  of  the  science  of  comparative  philology. 
Cf.  B.  Delbruck,  Einl.  in  das  Sprachstudium,  Lpz.  1880 ;  Lefman,  F.  B., 
1892. 

(6)  Gottfried  Bernhardy,  1800-75. 

a.  Eratosthenica,  1822;  Dionys.  Perieg.,  1828;  Wissensch. 
Syntax,  1829;  SUIDAS,  2  vols.,  1834-57. 

b.  Griech.  Liter aturgeschichte,  2  vols.,  1836-45  (1880). 

c.  Romische  Literaturgesch.,  2  vols.,  1830  (.i8726). 
Cf.  R.  Volckmann,  G.  B.,  Halle,  1887  (pp.  160);  Bursian,  p.  776. 

(7)  O.Jahn,  1813-69. 

a.  Edition  and  commentary  of  PERSIUS,  1843 ;  Juvenal, 


50 

1851 ;  Cic.  Orator,  1851  ;  Florus,  1852  ;  Livii  Periochae, 
1853;  Soph.  Electra,  1861'  (i8y22)  ;  Plato,  Symposium, 
1864  (1876*);  Ps.  Longinus  iiepi  fyovs,  1867  (i88y2). 

b.  Pausaniae  descriptio  arcis  Athen.,  1860  (i88o2). 

f.  Numerous  treatises  on  archaeology  and  literature  (e.  g., 
On  the  subscriptions  in  Latin  MSS.  '  Ueber  den  Aber- 
glauben  des  bosen  Blicks '). 

Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  1070-80. 

(8)  Theodor  MOMMSEN,  1817 — . 

a.  Rom.  Munzwesen,  1850;  ROMAN  HISTORY,  Vols.  I-IIP, 
V3  (transl.  by  Dickson) ;  Romische  Chronologic,  1859; 
Rom.  Forschungen,  2  vols.,  ROM.  STAATSRECHT,  3  vols. 
(pp.  708,  1171,  1336),  i8883. 

b.  CORPUS  INSCRIPTIONUM  LATINARUM,  Vol.  I,  III,  VIII, 
IX, 

c.  Monumentum  Ancyranum,  1865'. 

d.  Zur  Lebensgesch.  des  jungeren  Plinius,  Hermes  III,  pp. 
31-139,  etc.,  etc. 

For  a  full  list  of  his  works  up  to  1887  cf.  C.  Zangemeister,  Theodor^. 
Mommsen  als  Schriftsteller,  Heidelberg,  1887  (pp.  60). 


YC  00106 


U.  C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


